Physiological Integrity

1960 soru

Soru 1181Soru →

A nurse is preparing to provide a bed bath and perineal care for a client who is receiving continuous enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube. The procedure requires lowering the head of the bed to a flat, supine position. Which of the following is the priority action for the nurse to take?

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Cevap: Pause the continuous enteral feeding infusion pump.

Cevap

The priority action is to pause the continuous enteral feeding infusion pump.
When a client is receiving continuous enteral feedings, the head of the bed must remain elevated to at least 30 to 45 degrees to prevent gastric reflux and pulmonary aspiration. If a nursing procedure such as a bed bath or perineal care requires the client to be laid flat, the nurse must prioritize airway safety by pausing the enteral feeding pump before lowering the head of the bed.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the client's current therapy and risks.
The client is receiving continuous enteral feeding, which places them at risk for aspiration if not positioned properly.
Recognizing aspiration risk is the first step in prioritizing safe care.
2
Determine the positioning requirement for the upcoming procedure.
A bed bath and perineal care require the head of the bed to be lowered to a flat, supine position.
Understanding the physical requirements of the nursing intervention allows the nurse to anticipate safety hazards.
3
Implement the highest-priority safety intervention.
Pause the continuous enteral feeding infusion before lowering the bed.
Pausing the feeding protects the client's airway and prevents aspiration of gastric contents while they are in a supine position.

Anahtar Kavram

Aspiration Precautions and Enteral Feeding
Soru 1182Soru →

A registered nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed intravenous (IV) loading dose of phenytoin to an adult client experiencing recurrent generalized seizures. Which of the following nursing actions are necessary during the preparation and administration of this parenteral medication? (Select all that apply.)

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Cevap: Administer the medication via an infusion pump at a continuous rate not exceeding 50 mg/min50\text{ mg/min}.; Attach a 0.220.22-micron in-line filter to the intravenous tubing prior to starting the infusion.; Assess the intravenous insertion site frequently for localized tissue swelling, pain, or discoloration.

Cevap

The correct actions are to administer the medication at a rate not exceeding 50 mg/min50\text{ mg/min}, attach a 0.220.22-micron in-line filter, and frequently assess the IV insertion site for signs of extravasation.
Phenytoin is a high-alert anti-seizure medication with strict administration parameters. It must be administered slowly (maximum 50 mg/min50\text{ mg/min}) to prevent life-threatening cardiovascular collapse, requires an in-line filter to catch micro-crystals, and necessitates close IV site monitoring because it is a vesicant that can cause severe tissue necrosis if extravasation occurs.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the specific administration requirements and compatibilities for intravenous phenytoin.
Phenytoin precipitates in dextrose and requires normal saline (0.9%0.9\% NaCl) and an in-line filter.
To prevent crystallization and embolization in the vascular system.
2
Determine the maximum safe administration rate for IV phenytoin in an adult.
The maximum safe continuous rate is 50 mg/min50\text{ mg/min}.
Rapid administration of phenytoin can cause severe hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse.
3
Recognize the tissue toxicity risk associated with phenytoin extravasation.
The nurse must continuously and closely monitor the IV insertion site.
Phenytoin is highly alkaline and a potent vesicant that can cause Purple Glove Syndrome and severe tissue necrosis if it leaks into surrounding tissues.
4
Evaluate the safety of delegating client monitoring during high-risk intravenous infusions.
The registered nurse must retain direct responsibility for assessing hemodynamics and cardiac rhythms.
Assessing a client's physiological response to a high-alert medication requires specialized nursing knowledge and clinical judgment that cannot be delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe Intravenous Administration of Phenytoin
Soru 1183Soru →

A nurse is closely monitoring a client who is 4 hours postoperative following an open abdominal surgery. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse recognize as early indicators of impending hemorrhagic shock? Select all that apply.

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Cevap: Unexplained restlessness and agitation; A progressive narrowing of the pulse pressure; Mild tachycardia with a heart rate of 110 beats per minute

Cevap

The early indicators of hemorrhagic shock include unexplained restlessness and agitation, a progressive narrowing of the pulse pressure, and mild tachycardia.
In the early (compensatory) stage of hemorrhagic shock, the sympathetic nervous system activates to maintain adequate tissue perfusion. This results in mild tachycardia to increase cardiac output. Peripheral vasoconstriction increases diastolic blood pressure, leading to a narrowed pulse pressure. Additionally, subtle decreases in cerebral perfusion manifest early as restlessness, anxiety, or agitation.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the physiological changes associated with early (compensatory) shock.
The body activates the sympathetic nervous system in an attempt to maintain tissue perfusion and cardiac output.
Compensatory mechanisms mask significant blood pressure changes early in the process.
2
Analyze how these compensatory mechanisms manifest clinically.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine release causes an increased heart rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, and shunting of blood to vital organs.
This leads to tachycardia, cool skin, and a rising diastolic pressure (narrowing pulse pressure).
3
Differentiate between early signs and late (decompensated) signs.
Tachycardia, narrowing pulse pressure, and subtle cerebral hypoxia (restlessness) appear early. Severe hypotension and organ failure appear late.
Interventions must begin during the early phase before irreversible cellular damage occurs.

Anahtar Kavram

Early Recognition of Compensatory Shock
Soru 1184Soru →

A registered nurse is preparing to access a client's implanted venous access port (Port-a-Cath) to administer a scheduled intravenous infusion. Arrange the following steps in the correct chronological order to safely perform this procedure.

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Cevap

The correct sequence begins with standard preparation (mask, positioning, hand hygiene), followed by preparing the sterile equipment. Next, the skin is cleansed with chlorhexidine. Once dry, the nurse accesses the port with a 90-degree insertion, immediately aspirates to verify blood return, and finally flushes the line and secures the dressing.
Accessing an implanted port requires strict adherence to sterile technique and procedural sequencing to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) and mechanical complications. The sequence transitions systematically from environmental control (masks, hand hygiene) to sterile preparation (gloves, priming), then to patient preparation (chlorhexidine scrub). Once the site is prepared and dry, mechanical access is safely achieved by stabilizing the port and inserting the non-coring needle. Finally, verifying patency via aspiration must immediately precede flushing and securing the device.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Ensure droplet protection and hand hygiene.
The nurse and client are masked, and hands are clean.
Prevents respiratory pathogens from contaminating the central venous access site.
2
Prepare the sterile field and prime the tubing.
The non-coring needle and extension set are filled with sterile saline.
Air must be removed from the tubing to prevent a potentially fatal air embolism during access.
3
Scrub the site with chlorhexidine and let it dry.
The skin over the port is disinfected.
Friction removes surface bacteria, and drying is required for chlorhexidine to effectively eradicate microbes.
4
Access the port with the non-coring needle.
The needle is seated within the port's reservoir.
A 90-degree angle ensures the needle penetrates the self-sealing silicone septum without coring or damaging it.
5
Aspirate for blood return.
Blood is seen in the extension tubing.
Confirms the tip of the catheter is properly situated in the central circulation, ensuring safe administration of medications.
6
Flush the port and dress the site.
The line is cleared of blood and secured with a transparent dressing.
Flushing prevents fibrin buildup or clotting in the catheter, while the dressing prevents displacement and contamination.

Anahtar Kavram

Implanted Venous Access Port (Port-a-Cath) Access Procedure
Soru 1185Soru →

An adult client with symptomatic anemia is scheduled to receive a transfusion of packed red blood cells. The healthcare provider has prescribed the blood product to be infused over two hours. Which of the following intravenous fluids must the nurse select to prime the blood administration tubing?

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Cevap: 0.9%0.9\% sodium chloride

Cevap

The correct answer is 0.9%0.9\% sodium chloride.
0.9%0.9\% sodium chloride (normal saline) is the only intravenous fluid compatible with packed red blood cells. It is an isotonic solution that does not cause red blood cells to shrink or swell, and it lacks additives that promote coagulation, making it uniquely safe for priming tubing and flushing the line before and after a transfusion.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the required procedure.
The nurse is preparing to administer a transfusion of packed red blood cells.
Blood product administration requires strict adherence to compatibility protocols to prevent life-threatening adverse reactions.
2
Recall compatibility rules for blood transfusions.
Blood products are highly incompatible with most intravenous fluids, medications, and parenteral nutrition.
Incompatible solutions can cause the red blood cells to lyse (break open) or coagulate inside the tubing.
3
Select the appropriate priming fluid.
0.9%0.9\% sodium chloride is selected.
It is an isotonic solution without calcium or dextrose, making it the only safe option for priming and flushing blood administration lines.

Anahtar Kavram

0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) is the only intravenous fluid approved for use with blood product transfusions to prevent cellular damage and clotting.
Soru 1186Soru →

A client has just arrived on the medical unit after undergoing a bedside lumbar puncture. To minimize the risk of developing a cerebrospinal fluid leak and subsequent headache, which of the following positioning interventions should the nurse implement?

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Cevap: Maintain the client in a supine position with the bed flat

Cevap

The correct intervention is to maintain the client in a supine position with the bed flat.
Following a lumbar puncture, maintaining the client in a flat, supine position for a prescribed period helps prevent the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the dural puncture site, thereby significantly reducing the risk of a post-dural puncture headache.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the procedure performed and its primary post-procedure complication.
The client underwent a lumbar puncture, which carries a significant risk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and a resulting post-dural puncture headache.
Recognizing the specific risks associated with an invasive procedure is the first step in risk reduction.
2
Determine the appropriate physiological intervention to mitigate this risk.
Keeping the client supine and flat minimizes hydrostatic pressure at the dural puncture site in the lumbar spine.
Lower pressure at the puncture site allows the dural tissue to seal effectively, preventing ongoing CSF loss and avoiding the severe headache associated with decreased CSF volume.

Anahtar Kavram

Post-Lumbar Puncture Positioning and Complication Prevention
Soru 1187Soru →

The nurse is reviewing the care plan for a client who is 48 hours postoperative following a right below-the-knee amputation. Which interventions are appropriate to include in the client's basic care and comfort management? Select all that apply.

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Cevap: Assist the client into a prone position for 30 minutes, three to four times a day.; Wash the residual limb daily with mild soap and water, ensuring the skin is patted completely dry.

Cevap

The appropriate interventions are assisting the client into a prone position several times a day and washing the residual limb daily with mild soap and water.
To prevent hip flexion contractures, which can severely impair future prosthetic use and mobility, the client should be placed in a prone position for 20 to 30 minutes, three to four times a day. Additionally, basic hygiene involving gentle washing with mild soap and water, followed by complete drying, is essential to maintain skin integrity, provide comfort, and prevent infection at the surgical site.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the client's postoperative timeframe and clinical needs.
The client is 48 hours post-amputation; the primary goals for basic care are preventing contractures, maintaining skin integrity, and promoting mobility.
Understanding the timeline is crucial, as certain interventions (like elevation) change after the first 24 hours.
2
Evaluate the positioning options provided.
Prone positioning prevents contractures and is correct. Elevation on pillows and prolonged sitting cause contractures and are incorrect.
Hip flexion contractures are a major complication following lower extremity amputations that impede future prosthetic use.
3
Evaluate the delegation and hygiene options.
Delegating assessment to a UAP is outside their scope of practice. Gentle washing and drying of the limb is standard, appropriate basic care.
Ensuring safe delegation and standard infection prevention are core components of basic care and comfort.

Anahtar Kavram

Post-amputation basic care and contracture prevention
Soru 1188Soru →

A registered nurse in the cardiovascular intensive care unit is caring for a client with severe decompensated heart failure.

Client data:
- Weight: 176 lb176\text{ lb}
- Current cardiac index (CI): 1.8 L/min/m21.8\text{ L/min/m}^2
- Current dobutamine infusion rate: 12 mL/hr12\text{ mL/hr}
- Intravenous fluid bag: Dobutamine 500 mg500\text{ mg} in 250 mL250\text{ mL} of 5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)5\%\text{ Dextrose in Water (D5W)}

The unit's hemodynamic titration protocol states: "If CI is <2.0 L/min/m2< 2.0\text{ L/min/m}^2, increase dobutamine infusion by 2.5 mcg/kg/min2.5\text{ mcg/kg/min} every 30 minutes until CI is ≥2.0 L/min/m2\geq 2.0\text{ L/min/m}^2. Maximum dose: 20 mcg/kg/min20\text{ mcg/kg/min}."

The nurse evaluates the client's current status and determines a titration is required. Based on the protocol, what should the nurse set the new infusion rate to in mL/hr\text{mL/hr}? Record your answer to the nearest whole number.

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Cevap: 18

Cevap

18
The correct infusion rate is 18 mL/hr. This is determined by first converting the client's weight to kilograms (80 kg) and finding the medication concentration (2000 mcg/mL). The current dose is calculated by multiplying the rate (12 mL/hr) by the concentration and dividing by time and weight, yielding 5 mcg/kg/min. Based on the low cardiac index, the protocol requires a 2.5 mcg/kg/min increase, making the new target dose 7.5 mcg/kg/min. Multiplying this target dose by the client's weight (80 kg) and time (60 minutes) yields 36,000 mcg/hr. Dividing by the concentration (2000 mcg/mL) provides the final pump setting of 18 mL/hr.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Convert the client's weight from pounds to kilograms.
176 lb÷2.2 lb/kg=80 kg176\text{ lb} \div 2.2\text{ lb/kg} = 80\text{ kg}
Weight-based continuous medication infusions require the client's weight in kilograms for accurate dosing.
2
Calculate the concentration of the dobutamine solution in mcg/mL\text{mcg/mL}.
500 mg=500,000 mcg500\text{ mg} = 500,000\text{ mcg}; 500,000 mcg÷250 mL=2000 mcg/mL500,000\text{ mcg} \div 250\text{ mL} = 2000\text{ mcg/mL}
Establishing the concentration is necessary to convert between liquid volume (mL) and drug mass (mcg).
3
Calculate the current rate in mcg/min\text{mcg/min} to determine the current weight-based dose.
12 mL/hr×2000 mcg/mL=24,000 mcg/hr12\text{ mL/hr} \times 2000\text{ mcg/mL} = 24,000\text{ mcg/hr}; 24,000÷60=400 mcg/min24,000 \div 60 = 400\text{ mcg/min}
The protocol dictates titration based on the current dose in mcg/kg/min\text{mcg/kg/min}, requiring a reverse calculation from the current pump setting.
4
Divide the mcg/min\text{mcg/min} by the client's weight to find the current mcg/kg/min\text{mcg/kg/min}.
400 mcg/min÷80 kg=5 mcg/kg/min400\text{ mcg/min} \div 80\text{ kg} = 5\text{ mcg/kg/min}
This confirms the baseline dose before applying the hemodynamic titration protocol.
5
Determine the new target dose based on the client's cardiac index.
CI is 1.81.8 (which is <2.0< 2.0), so add 2.5 mcg/kg/min2.5\text{ mcg/kg/min}; 5+2.5=7.5 mcg/kg/min5 + 2.5 = 7.5\text{ mcg/kg/min}
The protocol mandates a specific incremental dose increase to improve cardiac output when CI is below target.
6
Calculate the total new dose required in mcg/hr\text{mcg/hr}.
7.5 mcg/kg/min×80 kg=600 mcg/min7.5\text{ mcg/kg/min} \times 80\text{ kg} = 600\text{ mcg/min}; 600×60=36,000 mcg/hr600 \times 60 = 36,000\text{ mcg/hr}
Pump rates are set in mL/hr\text{mL/hr}, so the target dose must be converted to an hourly amount.
7
Divide the hourly dose by the concentration to find the new rate in mL/hr\text{mL/hr}.
36,000 mcg/hr÷2000 mcg/mL=18 mL/hr36,000\text{ mcg/hr} \div 2000\text{ mcg/mL} = 18\text{ mL/hr}
This yields the final volume per hour to program into the intravenous infusion pump.

Anahtar Kavram

Titrating weight-based vasoactive infusions requires calculating the baseline dose from the existing rate, applying clinical parameters to determine the new target dose, and calculating forward to find the final pump setting in mL/hr.
Soru 1189Soru →

Following a diagnostic lumbar puncture to analyze cerebrospinal fluid, a client arrives on the medical-surgical unit. To effectively mitigate the risk of a post-dural puncture complication, which intervention is most appropriate for the nurse to implement?

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Cevap: Maintain the client in a flat, supine posture for four to eight hours.

Cevap

The intervention to maintain the client in a flat, supine posture for four to eight hours.
After a lumbar puncture, a significant risk is the development of a post-dural puncture headache caused by the continuous leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the dural tear. Maintaining the client in a flat, supine position for four to eight hours helps equalize pressure within the central nervous system, minimizes fluid leakage, and significantly reduces the incidence of this debilitating complication.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the primary risk associated with the recently completed procedure.
The client has undergone a lumbar puncture, which carries a high risk for a post-dural puncture headache (spinal headache) caused by the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.
Understanding the physiological consequences of the procedure dictates the necessary post-operative care.
2
Determine the appropriate nursing intervention to mitigate this specific risk.
Maintaining a flat position minimizes hydrostatic pressure at the puncture site, effectively reducing cerebrospinal fluid leakage.
Evidence-based practice requires keeping the client flat to equalize intracranial and intraspinal pressure.
3
Evaluate the distractors for contraindicated actions or scope of practice violations.
Semi-upright positioning worsens the fluid leak, fetal positioning is only for the intra-procedure phase, and initial assessments cannot be delegated.
Systematically eliminating options based on positioning principles and delegation rules confirms the correct choice.

Anahtar Kavram

Post-Lumbar Puncture Risk Reduction
Soru 1190Soru →

A nurse is formulating a comprehensive care plan for an 82-year-old client with advanced Alzheimer's disease, severe osteoarthritis, and dysphagia who is currently receiving treatment for aspiration pneumonia. The client is confined to bed, requires continuous intravenous (IV) fluid therapy, and intermittently attempts to remove the IV catheter. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care to address the client's basic care and comfort needs? Select all that apply.

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Cevap: Elevate the head of the bed to 60 degrees and encourage the client to tuck their chin toward their chest during oral intake.; Provide the client with a textured sensory blanket or a soft rolled washcloth to hold in their hands throughout the day.

Cevap

The appropriate nursing actions are to elevate the head of the bed and use the chin-tuck maneuver during feeding, and to provide a sensory distraction such as a textured blanket or washcloth to occupy the client's hands.
Elevating the head of the bed and encouraging a chin-tuck maneuver during oral intake safely facilitates swallowing and prevents aspiration. Providing a sensory blanket acts as a non-pharmacological restraint alternative that addresses the client's cognitive needs, provides tactile comfort, and safely distracts them from pulling at the intravenous line.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the client's clinical profile and identify the primary safety and comfort risks.
The client is at high risk for repeated aspiration (due to dysphagia and pneumonia) and interruption of medical therapy (due to pulling at the IV line secondary to cognitive impairment).
Identifying the priority risks dictates which basic care interventions are safe and effective.
2
Evaluate the positioning and feeding interventions for aspiration prevention.
Elevating the head of the bed and utilizing the chin-tuck maneuver closes the epiglottis, safely protecting the airway during swallowing.
Clients with dysphagia require specialized basic care strategies during meals to prevent aspiration pneumonia.
3
Evaluate the interventions for protecting the IV site in a cognitively impaired client.
Providing a textured sensory blanket is a non-pharmacological restraint alternative that distracts the client and safely occupies their hands without restricting movement.
Least restrictive comfort measures must always be implemented and documented before considering physical restraints.

Anahtar Kavram

In the provision of basic care and comfort, nurses must prioritize aspiration precautions for clients with dysphagia and utilize non-restrictive comfort measures to ensure safety before resorting to physical restraints.
Soru 1191Soru →

Following a percutaneous liver biopsy, a client is transferred back to the medical-surgical unit for recovery. To minimize the risk of hemorrhage from the puncture site, what is the most appropriate position for the nurse to place the client in?

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Cevap: Right side-lying position with a small towel or pillow placed beneath the puncture site

Cevap

Right side-lying position with a small towel or pillow placed beneath the puncture site
Following a percutaneous liver biopsy, the client is at high risk for internal bleeding because the liver is a highly vascular organ located on the right side of the abdomen. Placing the client in a right side-lying position with a small towel or pillow beneath the puncture site applies direct, continuous anatomical pressure to the liver capsule. This mechanical compression promotes hemostasis and significantly reduces the risk of hemorrhage.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the primary complication associated with a percutaneous liver biopsy.
The liver is highly vascular, making hemorrhage the most significant post-procedure risk.
Understanding the anatomical risks dictates the priority nursing intervention.
2
Determine the physiological mechanism needed to prevent this complication.
Direct external pressure must be applied to the puncture site on the right side of the body.
Mechanical compression promotes hemostasis and clot formation at the site.
3
Select the client position that utilizes body weight to achieve this mechanism.
The right side-lying position with a towel or pillow under the site provides the necessary continuous pressure.
This specific positioning uses gravity and the client's own weight to compress the liver capsule.

Anahtar Kavram

Post-procedure positioning to prevent hemorrhage following a liver biopsy
Soru 1192Soru →

A 52-year-old client is admitted to the recovery area immediately after a percutaneous liver biopsy. The client is currently drowsy but responds appropriately to verbal stimuli. Which nursing interventions must be implemented to minimize the risk of complications? Select all that apply.

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Cevap: Place the client in a right lateral decubitus position with a folded towel beneath the puncture site.; Assess closely for early indicators of internal bleeding, including an increasing heart rate and a decreasing pulse pressure.; Enforce strict bed rest for the timeframe prescribed by the healthcare provider to prevent clot disruption.

Cevap

The essential interventions include placing the client in a right lateral decubitus position with a towel under the site, closely monitoring vital signs for early signs of bleeding, and enforcing strict bed rest.
Risk reduction following an invasive liver biopsy centers on preventing and rapidly detecting hemorrhage. Implementing right-sided positioning provides a mechanical tamponade effect, enforcing bed rest prevents clot disruption, and monitoring subtle vital sign trends ensures bleeding is caught before hemorrhagic shock occurs.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the procedure to identify the primary physiological risk.
A percutaneous liver biopsy involves a needle puncture into a highly vascular organ, making severe internal bleeding the primary post-procedure risk.
Identifying the highest-priority risk directly guides the necessary protective interventions.
2
Evaluate the mechanical and physiological strategies to prevent this complication.
Direct compression is required to stop bleeding, which is achieved by placing the client on their right side. Strict bed rest further prevents clot dislodgement.
Proper positioning mechanically compresses the liver against the rib cage, serving as an internal pressure dressing.
3
Determine the appropriate scope of practice for monitoring the client.
The registered nurse must personally evaluate the client's baseline post-procedure status and vital signs to detect early physiological decline.
Initial post-procedure assessments demand advanced clinical judgment and cannot be legally delegated to unlicensed personnel.

Anahtar Kavram

Post-procedure hemorrhage prevention and monitoring protocols
Soru 1193Soru →

A 72-year-old client is 48 hours post-operative following a right above-the-knee amputation (AKA). The client is experiencing intermittent confusion, reports a "burning" sensation in the right foot, and frequently attempts to touch the surgical dressing. Which nursing action is most appropriate to promote the client's basic care, comfort, and safety?

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Assist the client into a prone position for 20 to 30 minutes every 3 to 4 hours.

Cevap

Assist the client into a prone position for 20 to 30 minutes every 3 to 4 hours.
Assisting the client into a prone position is the most appropriate action. Following an above-the-knee amputation, clients are at a high risk for developing hip flexion contractures. Lying prone for 20 to 30 minutes several times a day stretches the flexor muscles of the hip and maintains joint extension, which is crucial for future weight-bearing and successful prosthetic use.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the client's post-operative timeline.
The client is 48 hours post-operation for an above-the-knee amputation.
Timing dictates appropriate positioning interventions; standard care interventions change drastically after the first 24 hours.
2
Evaluate the clinical risks associated with the procedure.
A major complication of an above-the-knee amputation is the development of a hip flexion contracture.
Contractures severely impair future mobility and the ability to use a prosthetic limb effectively.
3
Select the intervention that mitigates the primary physiological risk while addressing safety guidelines.
Assisting the client into a prone position several times a day stretches the hip flexors.
This is an evidence-based positioning practice for basic care and comfort in clients with lower extremity amputations, while avoiding improper delegation and premature use of restraints.

Anahtar Kavram

Prevention of flexion contractures following lower extremity amputation
Soru 1194Soru →

During a mobility assessment, a client with left-sided hemiparesis needs to be moved from their bed to a sitting position in a wheelchair. What is the correct sequence of actions the nurse should take to execute this transfer safely?

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Cevap

The correct sequence is: position the wheelchair on the unaffected side, lock all wheels, assist the client to sit on the edge of the bed, apply a gait belt, and finally pivot the client into the wheelchair.
When transferring a client with unilateral weakness, safety and maximizing the use of the client's remaining strength are the top priorities. The nurse must first prepare the physical environment by placing the wheelchair on the client's unaffected side and locking all wheels. Next, the client is assisted to a sitting position on the edge of the bed to allow cardiovascular stabilization. Once the client is seated safely, a gait belt is applied for physical support. Finally, the nurse assists the client to stand, bear weight on their unaffected leg, and pivot safely into the chair.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Place the wheelchair on the client's unaffected side at a 45-degree angle to the bed.
The wheelchair is properly positioned for the transfer.
This allows the client to pivot toward their stronger side, using their unaffected arm and leg to assist with movement.
2
Lock the wheels on both the client's bed and the wheelchair.
Both the bed and wheelchair are stabilized.
Stabilizing the equipment is a fundamental safety step to prevent it from sliding away while the client is bearing weight.
3
Assist the client to a sitting position on the edge of the bed and ensure their feet are flat on the floor.
The client is in a stable, seated position with a solid base of support.
This step prevents orthostatic hypotension and ensures the client regains balance before attempting to stand.
4
Securely apply a transfer gait belt around the client's waist.
The nurse has a safe, secure way to support the client's center of gravity.
The gait belt minimizes the risk of falls and prevents the nurse from inappropriately pulling on the client's weaker arm or shoulder.
5
Instruct the client to bear weight on their unaffected leg and pivot into the wheelchair.
The client is safely seated in the wheelchair.
Pivoting on the strong leg ensures stability and successfully completes the safe transfer process.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe Client Transfer Techniques
Tahmini Süre:1m 15s
Soru 1195Soru →

While caring for a client requiring intravenous antibiotics, the nurse needs to initiate a secondary intermittent infusion (piggyback) through an active primary IV line. Assuming the secondary tubing has already been primed, arrange the following setup actions in the correct sequence.

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Cevap

The correct sequence involves cleansing the port, attaching the tubing, lowering the primary bag, opening the clamp, and setting the rate.
Safe administration of a secondary IV (piggyback) medication requires a sterile connection at the upper Y-site, manipulating hydrostatic pressure by lowering the primary bag, opening the secondary clamp, and properly programming the pump. This fundamental sequence ensures the medication is delivered safely, completely, and without introducing infection.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Cleanse the upper Y-site port.
The injection port is thoroughly disinfected.
Maintaining strict aseptic technique prevents catheter-related bloodstream infections.
2
Attach the secondary tubing to the Y-site.
The piggyback line is securely connected to the primary infusion line.
This establishes the closed pathway connecting the medication source to the patient's existing IV access.
3
Hang the primary IV fluid bag lower than the secondary bag.
The secondary bag is positioned physically higher than the primary bag on the IV pole.
This creates a hydrostatic pressure differential, ensuring the piggyback medication infuses completely before the primary fluid resumes.
4
Open the roller clamp on the secondary tubing.
The fluid pathway is opened.
This allows the medication to flow from the secondary bag into the primary line so the pump can pull the fluid.
5
Set the prescribed infusion rate on the pump.
The medication begins infusing at the correct speed.
Ensures safe and accurate medication delivery over the provider-prescribed duration.

Anahtar Kavram

Intravenous Piggyback (Secondary Infusion) Setup Sequence
Soru 1196Soru →

A nurse is teaching a client who has a prescribed non-weight-bearing status on the right leg how to ascend stairs using crutches. In what order should the nurse instruct the client to perform the following steps? Arrange the actions in the correct sequence.

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Cevap

The correct sequence for ascending stairs is to establish a tripod base, shift weight to the crutches, step up with the unaffected (left) leg, transfer weight to the left leg, and finally bring the crutches and the affected (right) leg up.
When a client is non-weight-bearing on one leg, they must utilize a three-point crutch gait. The standard clinical mnemonic 'up with the good, down with the bad' applies to negotiating stairs. To safely ascend, the client must first establish a stable tripod stance and support their weight entirely with the crutches. This allows them to safely lift their strong, unaffected (left) leg onto the next step. Once the strong leg is securely planted, the client shifts their center of gravity and weight onto it. The strong leg then performs the work of lifting the body, which allows the client to bring the crutches and the affected (right) leg up to the step simultaneously without bearing any weight on the injured limb.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the client's weight-bearing limitations and required crutch gait.
The client is non-weight-bearing on the right leg, which necessitates a three-point crutch gait.
Understanding the physiological limitation dictates how weight must be distributed to prevent injury during mobility.
2
Apply the standard principles for ascending stairs with assistive devices.
The fundamental rule is 'up with the good,' meaning the unaffected leg must lead the upward movement.
The unaffected leg is required to lift the entire body's weight against gravity.
3
Determine the sequential weight transfer required to safely execute the movement.
The client starts in a tripod stance, shifts weight to the crutches, steps up with the left leg, shifts weight to the left leg, and then lifts the crutches and right leg.
This specific sequence ensures the client maintains a continuous, stable base of support and strictly avoids bearing any weight on the affected limb.

Anahtar Kavram

Assistive Devices and Mobility: Crutch Walking (Three-Point Gait)
Soru 1197Soru →

A client is admitted with profound hypokalemia, exhibiting a serum potassium level of 2.4 mEq/L (2.4 mmol/L). The healthcare provider prescribes an intravenous (IV) potassium replacement. The prescription reads: 'Potassium chloride 20 mEq in 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride IV to infuse over 30 minutes.' The client's only vascular access is a 20-gauge peripheral IV catheter in the right forearm. Which of the following is the priority nursing action?

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Cevap: Withhold the infusion and contact the healthcare provider to question the prescribed administration rate.

Cevap

Withhold the infusion and contact the healthcare provider to question the prescribed administration rate.
Intravenous potassium chloride is a high-alert medication that requires strict adherence to administration protocols. The maximum safe infusion rate for a peripheral IV line is generally 10 mEq/hr. The prescribed order of 20 mEq over 30 minutes equates to a delivery rate of 40 mEq/hr, which is extremely dangerous and can cause severe chemical phlebitis, pain, or fatal cardiac arrhythmias. The nurse's priority is patient safety; therefore, the nurse must withhold this unsafe order and contact the provider to request a decreased infusion rate.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the prescribed dosage and time parameters.
The prescription orders 20 mEq of potassium chloride over 30 minutes, which equates to an infusion rate of 40 mEq/hr.
Converting the dose to an hourly rate is necessary to compare it against established pharmacological safety guidelines.
2
Recall the safety parameters for intravenous potassium administration.
The maximum recommended safe infusion rate for potassium chloride through a peripheral IV line is 10 mEq/hr.
Rates exceeding 10 mEq/hr peripherally severely irritate the vein (causing phlebitis) and pose a high risk for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
3
Evaluate the client's current venous access against the prescription.
The client only has a peripheral IV catheter, making the prescribed rate of 40 mEq/hr highly unsafe.
A central venous catheter and continuous cardiac monitoring would be required for higher rates (up to 20 mEq/hr, or rarely 40 mEq/hr in severe emergencies), but the current peripheral access cannot support this order.
4
Determine the priority nursing action based on patient safety.
The nurse must withhold the unsafe medication and immediately contact the prescribing provider.
Nurses have a legal and ethical duty to intervene when a prescription endangers a patient; an unsafe order must never be blindly executed.

Anahtar Kavram

Safe Administration of Intravenous Potassium
Tahmini Süre:1m 0s
Soru 1198Soru →

A nurse is monitoring a 58-year-old client who returned to the medical-surgical unit one hour ago following a percutaneous left renal biopsy. Which of the following assessment findings indicates an impending physiological complication and requires the most immediate risk mitigation action by the nurse?

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Cevap: The client's blood pressure changes from 142/86 mm Hg to 128/96 mm Hg, and the heart rate increases from 74 to 98 beats/min.

Cevap

The assessment finding that requires immediate action is the blood pressure change to 128/96 mm Hg coupled with the heart rate increase to 98 beats/min.
The correct answer identifies the early, compensatory signs of hemorrhagic shock. Following a highly vascular procedure like a percutaneous renal biopsy, occult retroperitoneal bleeding is a major risk. A narrowing pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure dropping from 56 to 32 mm Hg) coupled with mild tachycardia indicates that the client's body is actively vasoconstricting to maintain cardiac output in the face of fluid volume loss. This requires immediate provider notification and intervention.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Calculate and analyze the client's vital sign trends from baseline to current status.
The pulse pressure (Psystolic−PdiastolicP_{systolic} - P_{diastolic}) narrowed significantly. Baseline was 142−86=56142 - 86 = 56 mm Hg; the current reading is 128−96=32128 - 96 = 32 mm Hg. The heart rate simultaneously increased.
Identifying subtle deviations in hemodynamic parameters is critical for the early detection of internal bleeding before profound hypotension occurs.
2
Correlate the vital sign changes with the specific anatomical risks of a percutaneous renal biopsy.
The kidney is a highly vascular organ located in the retroperitoneal space. Bleeding in this area rarely presents with immediate external signs, making vital sign trends the primary objective indicator.
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage is the most life-threatening acute complication of this procedure, requiring rapid recognition to reduce the risk of severe shock.
3
Evaluate the remaining assessment findings to determine if they are expected post-procedure outcomes.
Mild pain (3/10) and slightly pink-tinged urine are expected findings resulting from localized tissue trauma. The supine position with a flank roll is a required prophylactic measure, not an adverse finding.
Differentiating the expected clinical trajectory from true physiological decompensation ensures the nurse prioritizes actions that save lives.

Anahtar Kavram

Early recognition of hemorrhagic shock through vital sign trend analysis, specifically narrowing pulse pressure and tachycardia, to reduce the risk of severe post-procedure complications.
Tahmini Süre:1m 30s
Soru 1199Soru →

An 84-year-old client with advanced dementia, left-sided hemiplegia from a previous stroke, and a stage 3 sacral pressure injury is receiving continuous enteral feeding via a nasogastric (NG) tube. The client has become acutely restless, is repeatedly pulling at their soiled incontinence brief, and requires immediate perineal care. Which action by the nurse represents the safest integration of basic care and comfort principles?

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Cevap: Pause the continuous enteral feeding, assess for physiological causes of the acute restlessness, and enlist assistance to safely logroll the client to provide perineal care.

Cevap

The correct action is to pause the continuous enteral feeding, assess for physiological causes of the acute restlessness, and enlist assistance to safely logroll the client to provide perineal care.
This action synthesizes multiple essential basic care principles. Acutely restless behavior in a client with dementia typically indicates a new physiological problem (like a full bladder, skin irritation from a soiled brief, or pain) requiring assessment rather than assumption. Furthermore, to safely provide perineal care and protect the stage 3 sacral pressure injury from devastating shearing forces, the client must be logrolled with assistance while the bed is lowered. Lowering the head of the bed requires pausing the continuous enteral feeding to eliminate the risk of pulmonary aspiration.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the client's behavioral change.
Recognize that acute restlessness in a client with dementia often indicates a new physiological stressor (such as a full bladder, skin irritation, or pain) rather than normal disease progression.
Sudden behavioral changes require immediate nursing assessment to rule out acute medical issues before implementing interventions.
2
Prioritize airway and aspiration precautions.
Determine that the continuous enteral feeding must be paused before lowering the head of the bed.
Lowering the head of the bed while a continuous feeding is infusing places the client at a high risk for pulmonary aspiration.
3
Plan for safe mobility and skin integrity preservation.
Decide to enlist assistance to logroll the client rather than turning independently or with the head of the bed elevated.
Logrolling with the bed lowered prevents severe shearing forces on the existing stage 3 sacral pressure injury and avoids dangerous pulling on the client's hemiplegic side.

Anahtar Kavram

Synthesis of Aspiration Precautions, Safe Mobility, and Delirium Assessment
Soru 1200Soru →

A nurse is caring for a client who is 4 days postoperative following a median laparotomy. The client coughs forcefully and reports a 'giving way' sensation in the abdomen. The nurse inspects the incision and observes bowel loops protruding through the open wound. In what order should the nurse perform the following actions to minimize the risk of tissue necrosis and physiological decompensation?

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Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct sequence is to first call for assistance while staying with the client, then position the client to reduce abdominal tension (low Fowler's with knees flexed), cover the exposed organs with moist sterile dressings, assess vital signs for shock, and finally notify the surgeon for emergency operative repair.
Wound evisceration is an acute surgical emergency that requires a rapid, prioritized response to reduce physiological risk. The immediate goal is to prevent further tissue damage by staying with the client and reducing abdominal tension (positioning). Once further evisceration is prevented, the priority is tissue preservation (saline dressings). Only after the wound is secured should the nurse assess systemic status (vital signs) and escalate to the surgeon with complete data.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Call for immediate assistance while remaining with the client.
Additional staff is alerted to bring sterile supplies while the client remains under continuous observation.
Leaving the client alone increases the risk of injury, exacerbates panic, and delays critical interventions.
2
Position the client in low Fowler's with the knees flexed.
Intra-abdominal pressure is significantly reduced.
Flexing the knees and slightly elevating the head relaxes the abdominal musculature, preventing further visceral protrusion.
3
Cover the protruding organs with sterile, saline-soaked dressings.
The eviscerated bowel is protected from the external environment and moisture is maintained.
Exposed viscera can rapidly dry out, leading to irreversible tissue necrosis and increasing the risk of massive peritoneal infection.
4
Assess the client's vital signs and peripheral perfusion.
The client's current hemodynamic stability is determined.
The provider will need immediate baseline data regarding potential shock (e.g., tachycardia, hypotension) when contacted.
5
Notify the surgeon and prepare the client for emergency surgery.
Surgical intervention is initiated.
Wound evisceration cannot be managed conservatively; it requires immediate return to the operating room.

Anahtar Kavram

Management of Postoperative Wound Evisceration
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Physiological Integrity Alıştırma Soruları — NCLEX-RN — Sayfa 60 | Examkin