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Zorluk: ZorCommand of Evidence: Textual

In urban environments, anthropogenic noise is predominantly low-frequency, which can mask the songs of breeding birds. Biologist Sonia Alvarez hypothesized that a bird species' ability to adapt its song to overcome this masking is constrained by its bill size. Specifically, Alvarez argued that smaller-billed species can raise the minimum frequency of their songs to clear the low-frequency noise without compromising vocal performance. In contrast, larger-billed species, which require more physical effort to modify their vocal tracts, are physiologically restricted: they cannot increase their minimum song frequency without experiencing a significant reduction in song volume or duration, which would reduce the efficacy of their mating signals.

Which finding from Alvarez’s study, if true, would most directly support her hypothesis?

  1. A
    Urban populations of the larger-billed Northern cardinal exhibited a marked decrease in overall reproductive success compared to rural populations, regardless of their song characteristics.
  2. B
    Both the smaller-billed house finch and the larger-billed Northern cardinal in urban habitats sang songs that were significantly louder and longer than the songs of their rural counterparts.
  3. Urban populations of the smaller-billed house finch sang at higher minimum frequencies than rural populations without showing any reduction in song duration, whereas urban populations of the larger-billed Northern cardinal did not adjust their minimum song frequency.Cevap
  4. D
    Smaller-billed house finches in urban environments sang at the same minimum frequencies as rural populations but suffered a major reduction in song duration when vocalizing in noisy settings.

Cevap

Urban populations of the smaller-billed house finch sang at higher minimum frequencies than rural populations without showing any reduction in song duration, whereas urban populations of the larger-billed Northern cardinal did not adjust their minimum song frequency.
The correct choice directly supports the hypothesis by showing that the smaller-billed species successfully increased its minimum song frequency without compromising its vocal performance (no reduction in duration), while the larger-billed species did not adjust its frequency, illustrating the physical limitation proposed by Alvarez.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the researcher's central claim.
The claim is that smaller-billed birds can raise their minimum song frequency without vocal performance loss, whereas larger-billed birds are physiologically constrained and cannot raise their minimum frequency without losing song volume or duration.
To evaluate the options, we must understand the specific contrast and conditions described in the hypothesis.
2
Evaluate the options to find one that presents evidence matching both parts of the claim.
The option showing smaller-billed finches successfully raising their frequency with no loss in duration, while larger-billed cardinals did not adjust their frequency, perfectly aligns with both parts of the claim.
This establishes the necessary empirical link between bill size, frequency adjustment, and vocal performance.

Anahtar Kavram

Identifying textual evidence that directly supports a specific scientific hypothesis.
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Konular

Command of Evidence: Textual

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