Although modern astronomers utilize advanced digital imaging to map the Martian surface, nineteenth-century researchers relied entirely on direct optical observations. By the time the Mariner 4 spacecraft returned the first close-up images of Mars in 1965, astronomers _______ hundreds of maps detailing what they mistakenly believed were artificial canals, sparking decades of scientific speculation.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
- Ahave published
- had publishedCevap
- Cpublished
- Dwill publish
Cevap
The correct verb form is 'had published', which uses the past perfect tense to indicate that the maps were created and completed before the 1965 Mariner 4 mission.
The correct answer is the past perfect verb form 'had published'. The sentence introduces a sequence of events where one action (the publishing of the maps) was completed prior to another past action (the return of the spacecraft's photos in 1965). According to the rules of Standard English conventions, the past perfect tense is required to show this relationship when introduced by phrases like 'By the time'.
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Verb Tense, Aspect, and Mood
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