Tüm alıştırma soruları

Geochemists analyzing speleothems—mineral deposits like stalagmites in limestone caves—can reconstruct historical precipitation patterns by measuring oxygen isotope ratios. ______ researchers can determine the severity of ancient droughts by analyzing the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 preserved in successive calcite layers, as higher concentrations of the heavier isotope indicate periods of intense evaporation and low rainfall.

Which choice completes the passage with the most logical transition?

Text 1
Linguist Derek Bickerton’s "language bioprogram hypothesis" proposes that creole languages are created in a single generation by children who use their innate grammatical capacity to transform unstructured pidgin input into a complete language. According to Bickerton, because the pidgins spoken by parents lack consistent syntactic rules, children must rely on pre-programmed cognitive structures to invent grammar, explaining why geographically isolated creoles worldwide share striking grammatical similarities that cannot be traced to their parent languages.

Text 2
Linguist Salikoko Mufwene and other gradualists challenge the idea of a sudden cognitive leap in creole creation. They argue that creole grammar develops incrementally over several generations through a "feature pool" model. In multilingual settings, speakers select and adapt features from various source languages based on communicative efficiency and social prestige. Under this view, the structural similarities among creoles are not products of an innate biological blueprint but rather the logical outcome of common language contact dynamics and shared input structures.

Based on the texts, how would Mufwene (the author of Text 2) most likely characterize Bickerton's explanation (Text 1) for the grammatical similarities among creoles?

In a certain board game, a player receives $15$ points for each quest completed, but loses $4$ points for each penalty card drawn. A player completes $12$ quests and draws $c$ penalty cards. If the player's total score is greater than $120$ points, what is the maximum possible value of $c$?

A botanist is studying the transpiration rate of a certain plant species under controlled conditions. The transpiration rate $T$, in grams of water vapor per square meter of leaf area per hour ($\text{g/m}^2/\text{h}$), is modeled by a linear function of the relative humidity $H$, expressed as a decimal where $0.20 \leq H \leq 0.80$. The model is represented by the equation $T = -4.8H + C$, where $C$ is a constant. Based on this model, if the relative humidity increases by $0.15$, what is the corresponding decrease in the transpiration rate, in $\text{g/m}^2/\text{h}$?

In plant biology, *Arabidopsis thaliana* accessions from northern latitudes typically produce higher baseline concentrations of aliphatic glucosinolates—compounds that deter generalist herbivores—than accessions from southern latitudes. Conversely, southern accessions exhibit a much higher degree of phenotypic plasticity, rapidly increasing their glucosinolate production only after initial tissue damage is detected. Researchers have noted that northern environments feature a constant, predictable presence of generalist pests throughout the growing season, whereas southern environments experience highly sporadic and unpredictable herbivore outbreaks. Because synthesizing glucosinolates is metabolically costly, maintaining high baseline levels in the absence of pests is disadvantageous. Which choice most logically completes the text?

The notes below detail the discovery of the fossilized remains of a *Tyrannosaurus rex* named Sue:

* The fossil was discovered in August 1990 by paleontologist Sue Hendrickson.
* It was found in the Hell Creek Formation near Faith, South Dakota.
* The specimen is the most complete *Tyrannosaurus rex* skeleton ever found, with approximately 90% of the bones recovered.
* In 1997, the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago purchased the fossil for $8.36 million.
* The skeleton has been on public display at the Field Museum since May 2000.

Which choice uses information from the notes to emphasize when and by whom the fossil was discovered?

In art history, Dr. Julian Patel investigated the preservation of traditional indigo dyeing techniques in late nineteenth-century Indian textiles. Patel hypothesized that the survival of these labor-intensive methods in certain rural workshops, despite the influx of cheap synthetic dyes from Europe, was due to the local weavers' integration of these textiles into sacred regional festivals that strictly demanded culturally authentic materials. Which finding, if true, would most directly support Patel's hypothesis?

In the study of cognitive development, researchers often struggle to isolate innate cognitive structures from learned behaviors. The nuanced depiction of infants' spatial reasoning abilities, which frequently relies on gaze-duration metrics rather than active physical engagement with their surroundings, ________ to suggest that primitive conceptual frameworks for geometry are present far earlier in human development than previously assumed.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Axolotls possess an extraordinary ability to regenerate complex body parts, leading scientists to long assume that their cellular mechanisms were entirely distinct from those of mammals. ______ genomic analyses have recently revealed that the key signaling pathways involved in axolotl limb regeneration are also present and active in mammalian genomes, though they remain dormant in humans.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In the field of art conservation, the restoration of ancient murals found in the ruins of Pompeii ______ meticulous planning and the use of specialized chemical solvents. Because the plaster is extremely fragile, conservators must carefully analyze the composition of the original pigments before applying any modern adhesive. This careful preparation helps ensure that the vibrant artwork remains preserved for future generations.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

If $(x - 2)^2 - 9 = 0$ and $x < 0$, what is the value of $x^2 + 4x$?

During the African Humid Period, which ended approximately 5,000 years ago, the Sahara was a verdant landscape supporting diverse ecosystems and human settlements. Some climate models suggest that this transition to the modern hyper-arid desert occurred abruptly, triggered by a threshold-crossing feedback loop between vegetation cover and precipitation. However, recent geological evidence from dust deposition in marine sediments indicates a much more gradual, trans-regional aridification process that spanned several millennia. This discrepancy highlights the limitations of relying solely on simplified atmospheric simulations to reconstruct past ecological shifts.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

While researching the Amazonian language Pirahã, a student takes the following notes:
* Daniel Everett's 2005 study analyzed the grammar of Pirahã, an indigenous language of the Amazon Basin.
* Everett argued that Pirahã lacks recursion, which is the grammatical process of embedding phrases within other phrases.
* Generative linguistics theories, championed by Noam Chomsky, had long held that recursion is a universal feature of all human languages.
* Everett proposed that cultural values, rather than an innate universal grammar, limit the structural complexity of Pirahã.
* The study initiated a major debate over whether universal grammar exists or if language is primarily a culturally shaped tool.

The student wants to present a generalization about the significance of Everett’s study. Which choice most effectively uses information from the given notes to accomplish this goal?

Many avian species adjust the pitch of their songs in urban environments to prevent their signals from being drowned out by low-frequency traffic noise. To investigate this phenomenon, behavioral ecologist Angela Medina recorded song sparrows in both rural state parks and busy downtown plazas across California. Medina's findings revealed that urban sparrows sang at significantly higher minimum frequencies than their rural counterparts. However, this acoustic shift came with a trade-off, as the higher-pitched songs were less effective at attracting mates over long distances. Ultimately, Medina's study highlights how anthropogenic noise forces animals to balance survival communication against reproductive success.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

In mycology, the study of underground mycorrhizal networks has revolutionized our understanding of forest ecology by revealing that trees do not merely compete for resources. Through these subterranean webs, trees can share vital nutrients such as carbon, water, and phosphorus ______ healthy, mature trees have been shown to support struggling saplings by actively redirecting nutrients to them.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Ecologist Dr. Sarah Jenkins and her team studied how forest fragmentation affects the seed-dispersal behavior of the red-knobbed hornbill ($Bycanistes$ $bucinator$) in subtropical woodlands. Hornbills are vital to forest regeneration because they consume fruit whole and deposit seeds far from the parent trees. Jenkins hypothesized that because small, isolated forest patches offer fewer resources and greater exposure to edge effects, hornbills would restrict their foraging time in these smaller patches, ultimately leading to lower rates of seed dispersal within them than in larger, continuous forest areas. Which finding, if true, would most directly support Jenkins's hypothesis?

In a 2021 study of the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey, archaeologist Marina Milić and colleagues analyzed obsidian tools recovered from various domestic structures. The team determined that the obsidian was sourced from the Göllü Dağ volcano, located over 150 kilometers away. Surprisingly, Milić's analysis of the knapping debris revealed that the tools were not manufactured at the settlement itself; rather, they were imported as finished blades and flakes. This suggests that the residents of Çatalhöyük relied on established regional exchange networks for pre-formed obsidian items, rather than raw materials for local crafting.

Based on the text, what is true of the obsidian tools found at Çatalhöyük?

In the early twentieth century, mainstream economists assumed that consumer demand was driven entirely by rational, independent calculations. However, contemporary research suggests that consumer choices are frequently _______, showing that individuals are heavily influenced by the purchasing habits of their peers.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

While researching the decipherment of ancient scripts, a student takes the following notes:
* Linear B is an ancient script discovered in Crete in 1900.
* For decades, scholars believed that the script recorded a non-Greek Aegean language.
* In the 1940s, classicist Alice Kober identified patterns indicating that the underlying language was inflected.
* Building on Kober's structural analysis, Michael Ventris deciphered the script in 1952.
* The decipherment proved that Linear B represented Mycenaean Greek, rewriting the history of the Bronze Age Aegean.

The student wants to summarize the history and impact of the decipherment of Linear B. Which choice most effectively uses information from the given notes to accomplish this goal?

Planetary scientists studying Mars note that its deuterium-to-hydrogen ($D/H$) atmospheric ratio is five times higher than Earth's. Because deuterium is heavier, light hydrogen escapes Mars's gravity more easily, elevating this ratio over time. However, satellite observations show that during dust storms, water vapor is lofted to high altitudes where ultraviolet radiation breaks it apart. Since these storms occur sporadically and solar activity fluctuates, scientists hypothesize that hydrogen loss is highly variable. Consequently, when a major dust storm coincides with peak solar activity, which increases ultraviolet levels, ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?