Soru

Read the following passage carefully:

The governance of international seabed mineral resources stands at a critical juncture between economic exploitation and ecological preservation. Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the international seabed area is designated as the 'common heritage of mankind,' theoretically mandating that resource extraction benefits humanity collectively while safeguarding fragile marine ecosystems. However, the operationalization of this principle through the International Seabed Authority (ISA) faces significant structural challenges. Current draft exploitation codes struggle to balance the commercial imperatives of mining consortia—seeking critical minerals like nickel and cobalt for green transition technologies—against the precautionary approach demanded by marine scientists. Deep-sea ecosystems exhibit exceptionally slow recovery rates, and the benthic destruction caused by polymetallic nodule collection threatens irreversible biodiversity loss. Moreover, the governance structure suffers from an institutional friction: the ISA is simultaneously tasked with regulating seabed activities and distributing economic rents, creating an inherent conflict of interest. Critics argue that relying on market-driven royalty mechanisms fails to account for non-monetized ecosystem services. Without a binding moratorium or a fundamental shift toward precautionary stewardship that prioritizes ecological baselines over commercial timelines, seabed governance risks prioritizing short-term resource security over long-term planetary stability.

Which of the following statements jointly capture the central thesis and core arguments of the passage regarding international seabed governance?