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Zorluk: ZorUnion Executive: President, Vice-President, PM, and Council of Ministers

Regarding the ordinance-making power of the President of India under Article 123 of the Constitution, which of the following statements are constitutionally correct?

  1. An ordinance promulgated by the President has the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, and it can be issued when either of the two Houses of Parliament is not in session.Cevap
  2. B
    The President can promulgate an ordinance to amend fundamental rights or constitutional provisions during a parliamentary recess, provided it is ratified by a two-thirds majority within six weeks.
  3. Every ordinance promulgated by the President must be laid before both Houses of Parliament and automatically ceases to operate six weeks after the reassembly of Parliament, unless disapproved earlier.Cevap
  4. D
    Unlike the President, whose ordinance power is exercised on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers, the Governor of a State can promulgate ordinances at their sole personal discretion without council advice.

Cevap

The constitutionally correct statements are: (1) An ordinance promulgated by the President has the same force as an Act of Parliament and can be issued when either House is not in session, and (2) Every ordinance must be laid before both Houses of Parliament upon reassembly and ceases to operate six weeks after reassembly unless disapproved earlier.
The statement regarding the promulgation when either House is not in session is correct because a law cannot be enacted by Parliament without both Houses meeting. The statement regarding parliamentary reassembly is correct as Article 123(2)(a) stipulates an automatic six-week expiry period from the reassembly date of Parliament.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the session prerequisite for issuing an ordinance under Article 123.
Since lawmaking requires approval by both Houses, if either House is not in session, legislation cannot be passed, making it constitutionally permissible for the President to issue an ordinance.
Article 123(1) explicitly permits ordinance promulgation when 'except when both Houses of Parliament are in session'.
2
Evaluate the constitutional limitations on the subject matter of ordinances.
Ordinances are subject to the same constitutional limitations as Acts of Parliament and cannot be used to amend the Constitution under Article 368.
The power to amend the Constitution requires special parliamentary majorities and procedure under Article 368, which cannot be bypassed via executive ordinances.
3
Examine the parliamentary approval timeline and life of an ordinance.
An ordinance must be presented to Parliament when it reassembles and lapses automatically six weeks from the date of reassembly unless disapproved or replaced by an Act.
Article 123(2)(a) mandates parliamentary control over executive legislation.
4
Compare the nature of executive satisfaction for the President and the Governor.
Neither executive acts in individual discretion; both act on the binding aid and advice of their respective Council of Ministers.
Articles 74/123 (Union) and Articles 163/213 (State) establish cabinet responsibility for ordinance promulgation.

Anahtar Kavram

Ordinance-making power of the President (Article 123) and its constitutional limits
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