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Zorluk: ZorAncient Indian Civilizations and Early Empires

With reference to the socio-economic and administrative structure during the Gupta period in ancient India, which of the following statements are correct?

  1. The term 'Kulyavapa' referred to a unit of land measurement based on the seed capacity required for sowing.Cevap
  2. The term 'Vishti' denoted a system of forced labor exacted by the state or local officials, which was extended to rural areas.Cevap
  3. The administrative division known as 'Bhukti' was governed by an official designated as an 'Uparika' or 'Kumaramatya'.Cevap
  4. D
    The tax termed 'Udranga' was a commercial duty levied exclusively on foreign merchants entering urban market ports.

Cevap

The statements describing Kulyavapa as a seed-capacity land measurement unit, Vishti as a forced labor obligation in rural areas, and Bhukti as a provincial unit governed by an Uparika are correct.
The statements concerning Kulyavapa, Vishti, and Bhukti accurately reflect the documented socio-economic and political institutions of the Gupta period. Kulyavapa measured agricultural land by seed capacity; Vishti represented compulsory unpaid labor levied on rural inhabitants; and Bhukti was the primary provincial administrative unit headed by an Uparika. Conversely, Udranga was a principal land revenue assessment on permanent agricultural landholders rather than a commercial customs duty on foreign merchants.

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1
Analyze the land measurement terminology of the Gupta period.
Confirm that Kulyavapa represents the area of land required to sow one kulya of seed grain.
Gupta land grant documents from Bengal and Central India frequently use seed-capacity units like Kulyavapa, Dronavapa, and Adhavapa.
2
Examine the social and administrative practice of labor extraction (Vishti).
Confirm that Vishti referred to compulsory unpaid labor for royal or public works.
Inscriptions show that the state claimed Vishti as a customary right from village communities, which was often delegated to religious or secular land grantees.
3
Evaluate the administrative hierarchy of the Gupta Empire.
Confirm that Bhuktis were provincial divisions headed by Uparikas.
The empire was structured into Bhuktis (provinces), which were subdivided into Vishayas (districts) governed by Vishayapatis.
4
Identify the nature of the fiscal tax term 'Udranga'.
Determine that Udranga was a land tax on permanent farmers, not a commercial tariff on foreign merchants.
Gupta epigraphs pair Udranga (tax on permanent tenants) with Uparikara (tax on temporary cultivators), distinguishing them from commercial tolls (Sulka).

Anahtar Kavram

Gupta Empire Administrative Hierarchy and Socio-Economic Terminology
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Konular

Ancient Indian Civilizations and Early Empires

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