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Zorluk: OrtaGeneral Internal Medicine

A 6262-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a sudden onset of right-sided chest pain that worsens with deep inspiration, accompanied by severe shortness of breath. Her symptoms started 22 hours ago. She recently returned from a 1212-hour international flight. Her medical history includes hypertension and osteoarthritis. She takes amlodipine and acetaminophen.

Upon evaluation, her temperature is 37.2∘C37.2^\circ\text{C} (99.0∘F99.0^\circ\text{F}), blood pressure is 118/76 mmHg118/76\text{ mmHg}, pulse is 118/min118/\text{min}, and respiratory rate is 26/min26/\text{min}. Oxygen saturation is 89%89\% on room air. Physical examination reveals clear lung fields bilaterally with no wheezing or crackles. Cardiac examination shows a regular, rapid rhythm with no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. The right calf is mildly swollen and tender to palpation compared to the left.

An arterial blood gas analysis on room air reveals:
pH: 7.527.52
PaCO2\text{PaCO}_2: 26 mmHg26\text{ mmHg}
PaO2\text{PaO}_2: 60 mmHg60\text{ mmHg}
HCO3−\text{HCO}_3^-: 21 mEq/L21\text{ mEq/L}

Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

  1. Computed tomography angiography of the chestCevap
  2. B
    Nebulized albuterol and oral prednisone
  3. C
    Intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam
  4. D
    Administration of intravenous sodium bicarbonate
  5. E
    Measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone

Cevap

The correct answer is computed tomography angiography of the chest.
Computed tomography angiography of the chest is the most appropriate next step. This patient's presentation is highly suspicious for an acute pulmonary embolism (PE), supported by her recent prolonged immobilization, unilateral calf swelling (suggestive of deep vein thrombosis), pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, and hypoxemia. Her ABG demonstrates an acute respiratory alkalosis, which occurs in PE due to hypoxia-driven hyperventilation. For a hemodynamically stable patient with a high pretest probability of PE, CT pulmonary angiography is the diagnostic test of choice to confirm the presence of a thrombus.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Synthesize the clinical presentation and risk factors.
The patient has acute pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypoxia, and unilateral calf swelling following a long-haul flight.
These findings yield a high pretest probability (Wells score > 4) for an acute pulmonary embolism (PE).
2
Interpret the arterial blood gas (ABG) findings.
The ABG shows a high pH (7.527.52) and low PaCO2\text{PaCO}_2 (26 mmHg26\text{ mmHg}), indicating an acute respiratory alkalosis driven by hypoxia-induced hyperventilation.
This confirms a ventilation-perfusion mismatch typical of PE, ruling out primary metabolic acidosis or respiratory acidosis.
3
Determine the next best step for a hemodynamically stable patient with likely PE.
Diagnostic imaging with computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography of the chest should be ordered.
In hemodynamically stable patients with a high clinical suspicion of PE, definitive imaging is required to confirm the diagnosis before committing to long-term anticoagulation.

Anahtar Kavram

Diagnosis and initial management of acute pulmonary embolism
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