Soru

Zorluk: ZorCardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery

On postoperative day 6 following a coronary artery bypass grafting for severe ischemic heart disease, a 64-year-old man is evaluated for worsening chest pain and progressive shortness of breath over the last 24 hours. The pain is exacerbated by deep inspiration and coughing. His medical history includes type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obesity. Current medications include aspirin, metoprolol, and a sliding-scale insulin regimen. His temperature is 39.1∘C39.1^{\circ}\text{C} (102.4∘F102.4^{\circ}\text{F}), blood pressure is 108/64 mmHg, pulse is 114/min, and respirations are 24/min. Pulse oximetry shows 94% on room air. Physical examination reveals an erythematous sternal incision that is exquisitely tender to palpation. Purulent fluid can be expressed from the inferior aspect of the wound. There is palpable movement of the sternal edges relative to each other when the patient takes a deep breath. Lung auscultation reveals decreased breath sounds at the bases bilaterally, without wheezing. Cardiac auscultation reveals regular tachycardia without murmurs, rubs, or gallops. Laboratory testing shows a leukocyte count of 19,500/mm319,500/\text{mm}^3. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

  1. Surgical exploration and sternal debridementCevap
  2. B
    Superficial wound debridement and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics
  3. C
    Chest physiotherapy and incentive spirometry
  4. D
    Intravenous furosemide administration
  5. E
    Transthoracic echocardiography

Cevap

Surgical exploration and sternal debridement
The correct answer is surgical exploration and sternal debridement. This patient is presenting with acute mediastinitis, a life-threatening complication that typically occurs within 14 days following median sternotomy. The clinical hallmark that differentiates deep sternal wound infection (mediastinitis) from a superficial soft tissue infection is the presence of sternal instability (palpable movement or 'clicking' of the sternal edges during respiration or coughing). Additional classic features include high fever, tachycardia, chest pain, leukocytosis, and purulent wound discharge. Because mediastinitis involves the deep fascial spaces around the heart, conservative measures or superficial bedside debridement are grossly inadequate. The standard of care mandates prompt initiation of broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics combined with emergent surgical exploration, aggressive debridement of infected bone and necrotic tissue, and sternal rewiring or tissue flap closure.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the timing and physical exam findings of the postoperative complication.
The patient has high fever, purulent drainage, and palpable sternal clicking on postoperative day 6.
Establishing the timeline and specific wound characteristics narrows the differential diagnosis of postoperative fever.
2
Differentiate between a superficial wound infection and a deep sternal wound infection (mediastinitis).
The presence of palpable movement of the sternal edges (sternal instability/dehiscence) confirms deep involvement.
Superficial infections involve only the skin and subcutaneous tissue, whereas sternal instability proves the infection has reached the deep fascia and mediastinal space.
3
Determine the definitive management for acute mediastinitis.
Immediate surgical exploration, extensive debridement, and primary closure or flap coverage are required.
Deep space infections of the mediastinum have a high mortality rate and cannot be managed solely with antibiotics or bedside wound care; definitive surgical source control is mandatory.

Anahtar Kavram

Acute mediastinitis post-cardiac surgery presents with fever, chest pain, purulent discharge, and sternal instability, and mandates emergent surgical exploration and debridement.
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