Match each of the following clinical presentations of urologic pathology with the most app… — USMLE Step 2 CK

Match each of the following clinical presentations of urologic pathology with the most appropriate definitive surgical intervention.

A $32$ -year-old man presents with a firm, painless right testicular mass. Ultrasound shows a $2$ -cm solid, hypoechoic intratesticular lesion with internal vascularity. Serum alpha-fetoprotein and beta-hCG are normal.Radical inguinal orchiectomy
A $55$ -year-old man with a normal baseline creatinine is incidentally found to have a $3.5$ -cm exophytic, contrast-enhancing solid mass at the lower pole of the left kidney on a CT scan.Partial nephrectomy
A $72$ -year-old man with metastatic prostate cancer presents with acute bilateral leg weakness, hyperreflexia, and urinary retention. Corticosteroids are initiated immediately, but rapid surgical androgen deprivation is indicated.Bilateral simple orchiectomy
A $65$ -year-old man undergoes transurethral resection of a large bladder tumor. Pathology demonstrates high-grade urothelial carcinoma that invades into the muscularis propria (detrusor muscle).Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion
A $58$ -year-old man with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus presents with fever, tachycardia, and severe perineal pain. Examination reveals a swollen, exquisitely tender, erythematous scrotum with palpable crepitus.Emergent wide surgical debridement of subcutaneous tissue and fascia

Cevap

The correct matches align each specific clinical presentation with its definitive surgical standard of care based on staging, anatomical considerations, and acuity.

Each correct pairing reflects the established surgical guidelines for urologic diseases: radical inguinal orchiectomy for testicular masses to prevent seeding, partial nephrectomy for T1a renal masses to spare nephrons, simple orchiectomy for rapid palliation of advanced prostate cancer, radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and emergent debridement for necrotizing fasciitis.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the presentation of the

32

-year-old with a solid intratesticular mass.

Identify suspected testicular malignancy.

Solid intratesticular masses are highly suspicious for primary testicular cancer and require radical inguinal orchiectomy (removal of the testicle and spermatic cord up to the internal inguinal ring) to prevent scrotal lymphatic seeding.

Analyze the presentation of the

55

-year-old with a

3.5

-cm exophytic renal mass.

Identify a stage T1a renal cell carcinoma.

For clinically localized renal masses under

4

cm, partial nephrectomy is preferred over radical nephrectomy to preserve maximal renal parenchyma and decrease the long-term risk of chronic kidney disease.

Analyze the presentation of the

72

-year-old with metastatic prostate cancer and spinal cord compression.

Identify the need for emergent, rapid androgen deprivation.

Bilateral simple orchiectomy (subcapsular removal of testosterone-producing parenchyma) immediately halts testosterone production, providing rapid relief for hormone-sensitive metastatic complications without the risk of an LHRH agonist flare.

Analyze the presentation of the

65

-year-old with detrusor-invasive urothelial carcinoma.

Identify muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Once urothelial carcinoma invades the muscularis propria, transurethral resection is insufficient for cure. The standard surgical treatment is radical cystectomy with urinary diversion.

Analyze the presentation of the

58

-year-old diabetic with severe perineal pain and crepitus.

Identify Fournier gangrene.

Crepitus indicates gas-producing organisms causing necrotizing fasciitis. Source control via emergent wide surgical debridement of all necrotic tissue is the most critical intervention.

Anahtar Kavram

Definitive surgical management of common urologic malignancies and emergencies.

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