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Zorluk: ZorCardiovascular System

While staffing the cardiac intensive care unit, a physician assumes care of a 6666-year-old male admitted directly from the prehospital setting. Paramedics were called after the patient experienced the sudden onset of crushing retrosternal chest pain and diaphoresis while resting at home. A prehospital 1212-lead electrocardiogram demonstrated marked ST-segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF, with reciprocal depressions in leads I and aVL. Upon arrival, the patient appears ashen and complains of persistent chest discomfort and profound lightheadedness. Vital signs are temperature 36.8∘C36.8^\circ\text{C} (98.2∘F98.2^\circ\text{F}), blood pressure 82/50 mm Hg82/50\text{ mm Hg}, heart rate 54/min54\text{/min} (sinus rhythm), and respiratory rate 16/min16\text{/min}. Pulse oximetry is 96%96\% on ambient air. Physical examination reveals elevated jugular venous pressure with prominent x and y descents. The lung fields are completely clear to auscultation bilaterally. Cardiac auscultation reveals a regular rhythm with no murmurs, though a right-sided S4 is audible. Point-of-care laboratory testing shows an arterial pH of 7.327.32, pCO2\text{pCO}_2 of 36 mm Hg36\text{ mm Hg}, and a serum lactate of 3.8 mmol/L3.8\text{ mmol/L}. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

  1. A
    Intravenous nitroglycerin infusion
  2. Intravenous normal saline bolusCevap
  3. C
    Intravenous furosemide administration
  4. D
    Intravenous sodium bicarbonate administration
  5. E
    Transfer for computed tomography angiography of the chest

Cevap

Intravenous normal saline bolus
The correct answer is intravenous normal saline bolus. This patient's presentation of profound hypotension, clear lung fields, and prominent jugular venous distention in the setting of ST-segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF represents the classic triad for a right ventricular (RV) myocardial infarction. The inferior wall of the heart and the right ventricle are typically supplied by the right coronary artery. When the right ventricle becomes acutely ischemic, it loses its contractility and acts as a passive conduit. It cannot effectively pump blood through the pulmonary circulation to the left side of the heart, leading to a profound decrease in left ventricular preload and subsequent cardiogenic shock (evidenced by hypotension, lightheadedness, and lactic acidosis). To overcome this, the right ventricle becomes highly dependent on elevated preload to maintain any forward flow. The cornerstone of initial management is aggressive volume expansion with intravenous isotonic fluids (normal saline) to increase right heart filling pressures. Medications that decrease preload, such as nitrates and diuretics, can precipitate profound cardiovascular collapse and are strictly contraindicated.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Interpret the prehospital electrocardiogram findings.
ST-segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF indicate an acute inferior wall ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
These leads evaluate the inferior aspect of the heart, which is most commonly supplied by the right coronary artery.
2
Correlate the physical examination findings with the ECG.
The presence of hypotension, jugular venous distention, and clear lungs in the setting of an inferior STEMI establishes the clinical diagnosis of right ventricular (RV) infarction.
The right coronary artery also supplies the right ventricle. Proximal occlusion leads to RV ischemia, acute RV failure, and impaired forward flow to the left ventricle.
3
Determine the optimal hemodynamic intervention.
Intravenous normal saline bolus is the initial intervention of choice.
The failing right ventricle is heavily dependent on elevated preload to maintain cardiac output. Isotonic fluids maximize RV filling pressures to push blood through the pulmonary circulation into the left heart.

Anahtar Kavram

Right ventricular myocardial infarction presents with hypotension, JVD, and clear lungs, and requires immediate volume loading with intravenous fluids to maintain adequate cardiac output.
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