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Zorluk: OrtaNephrology

Paramedics are dispatched to the home of a 42-year-old man after he was discovered unresponsive in his garage. According to his husband, the patient has a history of severe depression and recently experienced a job loss. An empty, unlabeled container of sweet-smelling fluid was found nearby. Vital signs upon arrival at the hospital include a temperature of 36.5∘C36.5^\circ\text{C} (97.7∘F97.7^\circ\text{F}), blood pressure of 110/70 mm Hg110/70 \text{ mm Hg}, heart rate of 105/min105/\text{min}, and respiratory rate of 24/min24/\text{min}. The patient is obtunded, responding only by withdrawing from painful stimuli.

Laboratory studies are obtained:

Serum chemistry:
Sodium: 138 mEq/L138 \text{ mEq/L}
Potassium: 4.5 mEq/L4.5 \text{ mEq/L}
Chloride: 102 mEq/L102 \text{ mEq/L}
Bicarbonate: 12 mEq/L12 \text{ mEq/L}
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 28 mg/dL28 \text{ mg/dL}
Creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL1.2 \text{ mg/dL}
Glucose: 108 mg/dL108 \text{ mg/dL}

Arterial blood gas (room air):
pH: 7.227.22
pCO2\text{pCO}_2: 26 mm Hg26 \text{ mm Hg}
pO2\text{pO}_2: 95 mm Hg95 \text{ mm Hg}

Additional diagnostics:
Measured serum osmolality: 335 mOsm/kg H2O335 \text{ mOsm/kg H}_2\text{O}

Based on the provided laboratory data, what is this patient's serum osmolar gap? (Enter the numerical value in mOsm/kg H2O\text{mOsm/kg H}_2\text{O})

Cevap: 43 mOsm/kg H2O

Cevap

43
The correct osmolar gap is 43 mOsm/kg H2O. This patient presents with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis (AG = 138 - 102 - 12 = 24 mEq/L) and an obtunded state after suspected toxic alcohol (ethylene glycol) ingestion. To determine the osmolar gap, one must first determine the calculated serum osmolality using the formula: (2 * Na) + (Glucose / 18) + (BUN / 2.8). In this patient, (2 * 138) + (108 / 18) + (28 / 2.8) = 276 + 6 + 10 = 292 mOsm/kg H2O. Subtracting this calculated value from the measured osmolality (335 mOsm/kg H2O) yields an osmolar gap of 43. A normal gap is generally less than 10; an elevated gap in this context confirms the presence of an unmeasured osmotically active substance.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Recall the formula for calculating estimated serum osmolality in standard US units.
Calculated Osmolality = (2 \times \text{Na}) + (\text{Glucose} / 18) + (\text{BUN} / 2.8)
This formula estimates the total concentration of the major physiological solutes in the blood.
2
Input the patient's specific laboratory values into the formula.
Calculated Osmolality = (2 \times 138) + (108 / 18) + (28 / 2.8)
Sodium is 138 mEq/L, Glucose is 108 mg/dL, and BUN is 28 mg/dL.
3
Perform the calculation to find the estimated osmolality.
276 + 6 + 10 = 292 \text{ mOsm/kg H}_2\text{O}
This provides the baseline physiological osmolality without any unaccounted external osmoles.
4
Calculate the osmolar gap by subtracting the calculated osmolality from the measured osmolality.
335 - 292 = 43 \text{ mOsm/kg H}_2\text{O}
The difference reveals the presence of unmeasured osmoles, which helps diagnose toxic alcohol ingestion.

Anahtar Kavram

The serum osmolar gap is calculated by subtracting the calculated serum osmolality from the measured serum osmolality. The calculated osmolality is (2×Na)+(Glucose/18)+(BUN/2.8)(2 \times \text{Na}) + (\text{Glucose} / 18) + (\text{BUN} / 2.8). An elevated gap (>10>10) in the context of an anion gap metabolic acidosis strongly suggests toxic alcohol ingestion (e.g., ethylene glycol or methanol).
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