Question

Difficulty: MediumThe Harlem Renaissance and the New Negro Movement

In his 1926 essay 'The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,' Langston Hughes wrote:

'But this is the mountain standing in the way of any true Negro art in America—this urge within the race toward whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization, and to be as little Negro and as American as possible.'

Based on the passage, which of the following best describes the 'mountain' that Hughes argues Black artists must overcome?

  1. A
    The de jure segregation laws in Northern cities that legally prohibited Black artists from displaying their work in public galleries.
  2. B
    The philosophical divide between accommodationist and integrationist leaders over political strategies.
  3. The societal and internalized pressure to conform to white aesthetic standards at the expense of authentic racial expression.Answer
  4. D
    The institutional competition between Marcus Garvey’s nationalist movement and mainstream Pan-African organizations.

Answer

The societal and internalized pressure to conform to white aesthetic standards at the expense of authentic racial expression.
The correct option accurately identifies the 'mountain' as the pressure on Black artists to conform to white aesthetic standards. In his essay, Langston Hughes critiques the desire among some Black artists and the Black middle class to assimilate into mainstream American cultural norms, arguing that authentic Black art requires celebrating distinct experiences and cultural heritage without fear of white disapproval or shame.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the provided excerpt from Langston Hughes's essay, identifying key terms like 'urge within the race toward whiteness' and 'pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization'.
Recognized that Hughes is identifying cultural assimilation and the loss of unique Black identity as the primary obstacles to authentic art.
This establishes the core meaning of the 'mountain' as an internal/cultural obstacle rather than an external legal or structural one.
2
Relate these concepts to the broader historical debates of the Harlem Renaissance regarding artistic self-determination and the creation of the 'New Negro'.
Linked the quote to the cultural movement's push to celebrate Black folk heritage and reject conformity to white-dominated standards.
This allows for the evaluation of the options in their proper historical and artistic context.
3
Evaluate the choices to find the option that aligns with this focus on cultural autonomy while identifying historical misconceptions in the distractors.
Selected the option addressing societal and internalized pressures to conform, while identifying that other options misrepresent Northern segregation laws, the Washington-Du Bois debate, or Garveyism.
This ensures the correct option is chosen based on textual evidence and historical accuracy.

Key Concept

The Harlem Renaissance and the New Negro Movement
Estimated Time:1m 30s
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