Question

Difficulty: EasyCultural and Ideological Debates on Colonization

"Now compare these natural qualities of judgment, talent, magnanimity, temperance, humanity, and religion of the Spanish with those of these poor people, in whom you will scarcely find any vestiges of humanity; who not only do not possess any learning, but do not even know how to write... Indeed, they lack almost all human civilization."
— Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, Democrates Alter, 1547

Which of the following viewpoints is most directly expressed by the author in the excerpt?

  1. A
    The claim that Native Americans formed a single, unified society with identical customs across the Western Hemisphere.
  2. B
    The idea that the encomienda system was established to protect Native American ownership of land.
  3. The belief that Spanish conquest and subjugation of Native Americans was justified by their perceived cultural inferiority.Answer
  4. D
    The argument that the introduction of American crops to Europe was the primary cause of Spanish demographic growth.

Answer

The belief that Spanish conquest and subjugation of Native Americans was justified by their perceived cultural inferiority
The correct answer is the belief that Spanish conquest and subjugation of Native Americans was justified by their perceived cultural inferiority. In the excerpt, Sepúlveda compares the Spanish and Native Americans, asserting that the indigenous peoples lack civilization and writing, which he uses to argue that the Spanish have a right to rule over them.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the source author, date, and text of the excerpt.
The excerpt is from Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (1547), who argues that Spanish people are superior in civilization and virtues to Native Americans, whom he characterizes as lacking humanity and writing.
Identifying the author's main point and point of view is necessary to answer the question.
2
Evaluate the choices to find which viewpoint matches Sepúlveda's argument.
The viewpoint advocating for the justification of conquest based on perceived indigenous inferiority aligns directly with the text.
This matches the definition of the ideological debates during Period 1, specifically Sepúlveda's defense of Spanish subjugation.

Key Concept

Spanish debates over the subjugation and perceived capacity of Native Americans
Estimated Time:45s
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