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Difficulty: HardEuropean Exploration and Spanish Conquest

Don Juan de Oñate, Act of Possession of New Mexico, April 30, 1598:

"I, Don Juan de Oñate... governor, captain-general, and pacifier of these kingdoms and provinces of New Mexico... take possession, once, twice, and thrice, and all the times I can and should, of all the said kingdoms and provinces... with all their native peoples, who are now or may be hereafter discovered... so that they may be taught the Holy Catholic Faith, and live in peace, justice, and order, under the protection and sovereignty of the Crown of Spain."

The sentiments expressed in Oñate’s declaration most directly resulted in which of the following developments?

  1. A
    The conversion of conquered lands into private, hereditary estates owned by conquistadors independent of Spanish royal control.
  2. B
    The introduction of New World crops like wheat and barley to Native Americans to secure their dependency on Spanish trade.
  3. Violent resistance and rebellion by Native American groups seeking to defend their sovereignty and religious practices.Answer
  4. D
    The peaceful unification of diverse indigenous societies into a single political coalition to negotiate territory with the Spanish crown.

Answer

Violent resistance and rebellion by Native American groups seeking to defend their sovereignty and religious practices.
The correct answer is correct because Spanish demands for submission, labor, and religious conversion under leaders like Oñate directly led to native resistance and armed rebellion, such as the Battle of Acoma Pueblo in 1599, as indigenous groups fought to protect their sovereignty and cultural practices.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the primary source stimulus to identify Oñate's goals and methods.
The excerpt shows Oñate declaring Spanish sovereignty over New Mexico and its native peoples, seeking their conversion to Catholicism and submission to the Crown.
Understanding the source's intent is necessary to determine its historical consequences.
2
Connect the goals of Spanish conquest in New Mexico to historical outcomes in the region.
The assertion of Spanish authority, demands for tribute, and suppression of native religious practices led to severe friction, culminating in armed conflicts such as the Acoma Revolt (1599).
This allows the student to identify the direct consequence of Oñate's actions on the indigenous populations.
3
Evaluate the options and eliminate distractors based on historical facts.
Eliminate the options concerning private land ownership, wheat/barley as New World crops, and unified native political coalitions, leaving the option on violent resistance.
This ensures the selected answer is correct and aligned with historical evidence.

Key Concept

Spanish Conquest and Indigenous Resistance
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Topics

European Exploration and Spanish Conquest

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