Period 8: 1945–1980

"San Francisco is a refugee camp for gays. We have fled here from every part of the nation... We are beginning to realize that we are a group, a subculture, and a potential political force. Our liberation is tied to the liberation of all oppressed people—Blacks, women, Chicanos, and the anti-war movement. We must build a coalition to challenge the institutions that enforce conformity and deny us our basic human rights."
— Carl Wittman, "Refugees from America: A Gay Manifesto," 1970

Which of the following developments during the late 1960s and early 1970s did the sentiments expressed in the excerpt most directly reflect?

“I don't think that unless a greater effort is made by the Government in Vietnam to win their popular support that the war can be won out there. In the final analysis, it is their war. They are the ones who have to win it or lose it. We can help them, we can give them equipment, we can send our men out there as advisors, but they have to win it, the people of Vietnam, against the Communists.”
— President John F. Kennedy, television interview, September 2, 1963

Which of the following U.S. foreign policy objectives of the Cold War era is most directly reflected in this excerpt?

"The rapid expansion of the aircraft, missile, and electronics industries since 1940 has transformed the economy of the Southwest. Federal research grants and defense contracts have acted as a powerful magnet, drawing hundreds of thousands of skilled technicians, engineers, and their families from the older industrial centers of the Northeast and Midwest. This influx has not only sparked a spectacular construction boom in cities like Phoenix, San Diego, and Houston, but it has also shifted the nation’s political and demographic center of gravity. With the widespread adoption of residential air conditioning, the region has become a new frontier of American middle-class abundance, redefining the relationship between federal investment and regional growth."
— Adapted from a regional economic report on the Sun Belt, 1964.

Demographic and economic trends like those described in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following political developments in the United States by the 1980s?

“There's a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious, makes you so sick at heart, that you can't take part! You can't even passively take part, and you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, upon all the apparatus, and you've got to make it stop! And you've got to indicate to the people who run it, to the people who own it, that unless you're free, the machine will be prevented from working at all!”

— Mario Savio, spokesperson for the Free Speech Movement at the University of California, Berkeley, December 2, 1964

The sentiments expressed in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following developments in the United States during the 1960s?

"No investigation shall be made by the [National Labor Relations] Board... and no complaint shall be issued pursuant to a charge made by a labor organization... unless there is on file with the Board an affidavit executed... by each officer of such labor organization... that he is not a member of the Communist Party or affiliated with such party, and that he does not believe in, and is not a member of or supports any organization that believes in or teaches, the overthrow of the United States Government by force or by any illegal or unconstitutional methods."

— Section 9(h) of the Labor Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartley Act), 1947

Which of the following best explains how the implementation of the policy in the excerpt affected the American labor movement during the Second Red Scare?

“We are there [in Vietnam] because we have a promise to keep. Since 1954 every American President has offered support to the people of South Vietnam. We have helped to defend their independence. And we have done that to keep our word, to prevent the spread of communist dominance...”

— President Lyndon B. Johnson, address at Johns Hopkins University, April 1965

The foreign policy goal described in the excerpt most directly reflects which of the following post–World War II policies?

Source: Shirley Chisholm, Representative from New York, speech before the House of Representatives, May 21, 1969.

"As a black person, I am no stranger to prejudice. But the truth is that in the political world I have been far oftener discriminated against because I am a woman than because I am black. Prejudice against blacks is becoming unacceptable although it will take years to eliminate it. But prejudice against women is still acceptable. There is very little understanding of the density of the prejudice against women."

The ideas expressed in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following historical developments during the late 1960s and early 1970s?

Source: General Lucius D. Clay, Commander of United States Forces in Europe and Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany, cable to the Department of the Army, June 1948.

"We have lost Germany, our position in Europe is threatened, and war will become more, not less, likely. We cannot afford to retreat. We must remain in Berlin... our status in Berlin is the only symbol of our intent to remain in Germany."

Which of the following actions did the United States take in direct response to the situation described in the excerpt?

"Our energy crisis is an invisible crisis. It is a slow-growing crisis, but it is real, and it will constantly get worse... With the exception of preventing war, this is the greatest challenge our country will face during our lifetimes. The energy shortage is permanent. There is no way we can solve it quickly."
— President Jimmy Carter, Address to the Nation on Energy, 1977

Which of the following was a major consequence of the energy crisis described in the excerpt?

"Thousands of youths from across the nation are arriving in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco. They reject the traditional American pursuit of wealth and career, choosing instead to live communal lifestyles, share possessions, and champion peace, love, and personal expression. They represent a fundamental break from the suburban conformity of the post-World War II era."
— News report on the "Summer of Love," 1967

The activities of the youth movement described in the excerpt are best understood in the context of which of the following post-World War II trends?

Source: President Lyndon B. Johnson, Commencement Address at the University of Michigan, May 22, 1964.

"For half a century we called upon our invention and our force and our intelligence to create the wealth of this nation. But that challenge is behind us. Now we must use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization. ... The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents."

Based on the excerpt and your knowledge of United States history, which of the following best describes a key difference between the Great Society initiatives described in the excerpt and the New Deal programs of the 1930s?

"We are told that we must choose between the preservation of our environment and the development of energy resources to secure our economy and national defense. This is a false choice. Yet the rush to approve the trans-Alaska pipeline, bypassing the environmental safeguards established by the National Environmental Policy Act, demonstrates a willingness to sacrifice long-term ecological balance for a temporary supply of oil. True energy security will not be found in draining our wilderness, but in reducing our conservation efforts and transitioning to sustainable alternatives."

—Statement by a representative of the Wilderness Society, congressional testimony, 1973

The debate described in the excerpt most directly reflects which of the following conflicts in the United States during the 1970s?

Source: House Republican Minority Report on the Economic Opportunity Bill, 1964

"The proposed Economic Opportunity Act represents a dangerous departure from traditional American federalism. Instead of assisting local communities and states through established channels, this legislation creates a highly centralized office in Washington to bypass state governments and distribute federal funds directly to local political groups. By doing so, it threatens to create a federal patronage network under the guise of helping the poor. True progress is achieved not by expanding the federal bureaucracy and increasing government spending, but by encouraging private enterprise and protecting local self-government."

Which of the following best describes a key difference between the Great Society programs criticized in the excerpt and the New Deal programs of the 1930s?