Unit 5: Revolutions

“I am engaged in an enterprise of great magnitude... I have partners of ability, and we have established a manufacture of steam engines, which are rapidly replacing the older atmospheric engines in the mines of Cornwall. I sell here, Sir, what all the world desires to have—power.”

—Matthew Boulton, British manufacturer, in a conversation with writer James Boswell, 1776

Which of the following developments of the First Industrial Revolution is best reflected in the excerpt?

"All the world knows that in the first times of the Ottoman Monarchy, the glorious precepts of the Koran and the laws of the Empire were always honored... In consequence, we deem it right to seek by new institutions to give to the Provinces composing the Ottoman Empire the benefit of a good administration."
—Edict of Gülhane, 1839

The reforms described in the passage were part of a broader nineteenth-century state-sponsored effort to achieve which of the following goals?

“We, the undersigned, peaceable, industrious, hardworking men and women of Lowell, in view of our condition—the evils of which are too many to point out, but the remedy for which is obvious—petition for a law limiting the hours of labor in corporations to ten hours per day. . . . We believe that the present system of labor is destructive of physical health, and stands as an obstacle to intellectual and moral improvement.”
— Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, petition to the Massachusetts State Legislature, 1845

The petition above most directly reflects which of the following social developments in nineteenth-century industrializing societies?

Source: The Haitian Constitution of 1801, promulgated by Toussaint Louverture.

'Article 3. There cannot exist slaves in this territory, servitude is therein forever abolished. All men are born, live and die free and French.
Article 4. All men, regardless of color, are eligible to all employments.
Article 5. There shall be no other distinctions than those of virtues and talents, and other superiority than that which the law gives in the exercise of a public function.'

Which of the following best explains how the goals of the Haitian Revolution, as expressed in the passage, differed from the goals of the American Revolution?

“The general diffusion of manufactures throughout a country generates a new character in its inhabitants; and as this character is formed upon a principle quite unfavorable to individual or general happiness, it will produce the most lamentable and permanent evils, unless its tendency be counteracted by legislative interference and direction. The manufacturing system has already so far extended its influence over the British Empire as to effect an essential change in the general character of the mass of the people.”

—Robert Owen, British factory owner and social reformer, *Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System*, 1815

Which of the following nineteenth-century developments best represents a continuation of the policy advocated by the author in the passage?

In the early nineteenth century, industrialization in the United States grew rapidly, largely by adopting British textile machinery designs. However, unlike Great Britain's early reliance on coal, the United States initially utilized its abundant water resources to power mills in New England before transitioning to steam power.

Which of the following best describes a major similarity between the industrialization of the United States and that of Great Britain?

Source: Thomas Oldham, Director of the Geological Survey of India, annual report, 1859.

"The native iron-smelting industry of India, which was once so widely distributed and of such high repute, is now rapidly disappearing. The primary cause of this decay is the competition of English iron, which is imported at a price so low that the native smelters, working with their rude and inefficient furnaces, cannot compete. Furthermore, the colonial government’s forest conservancy regulations have heavily restricted the cutting of timber for charcoal, which was the traditional fuel for local furnaces."

The developments described in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes in the nineteenth century?

Source: Louis Blanc, French socialist reformer, *The Organization of Work*, 1839

'What is competition to the worker? It is a system of extermination. A manufacturer needs a worker: three present themselves... "How much for your work?" "Three francs, I have a wife and children." "Good. And you?" "Two and a half francs, I have no children, but a wife." "Very well. And you?" "Two francs will do; I am single." "You get the job." The contract is closed. The lowest bidder wins. But what becomes of the other two? They will starve... Under the system of unlimited competition, work is not guaranteed, and the worker is constantly at the mercy of market fluctuations. We demand that the state establish social workshops, owned by the workers but funded and regulated by the government, to ensure employment and fair wages for all.'

Which of the following best explains how the solution proposed by Blanc in the passage differs from the revolutionary communist perspective developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels?

Source: French National Assembly, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789

'1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.
2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.'

Which of the following best describes a major difference between the goals of the French revolutionaries, as expressed in the passage, and the goals of the leaders of the American Revolution?

"It is said that heaven does not create one man above or below another man. Therefore, all men are created equal... The only difference between the wise and the foolish, the rich and the poor, is a matter of education... If a nation wishes to secure its independence and become strong, it must encourage learning and build its national strength from within. In the current era, when Western nations are expanding their influence across Asia, each individual must understand their duty to the nation. Only by fostering a sense of shared national identity and modernization can we preserve our country's sovereignty and stand as an equal among the powers of the world."

— Fukuzawa Yukichi, Japanese reformist and scholar, *An Encouragement of Learning*, 1872

The perspective expressed in the passage is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

Source: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Communist Manifesto*, 1848

"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. . . . The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. . . . The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers."

Based on the passage, which of the following actions would Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels most likely support to address the inequalities of industrial capitalism?

“Political liberty is to be found only in moderate governments; and even in these, it is not always found. It is there only when there is no abuse of power. But constant experience shows us that every man invested with power is apt to abuse it, and to carry his authority as far as it will go. To prevent this abuse, it is necessary from the very nature of things that power should be a check to power. When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.”

— Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 1748

The political arguments expressed in the passage most directly influenced which of the following historical developments during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries?

"The Government of His Imperial Majesty the Shah grants to the concessionaire [William Knox D'Arcy]... a special and exclusive privilege to search for, obtain, exploit, develop, render suitable for trade, carry away and sell natural gas, petroleum, asphalt and ozocate throughout the whole extent of the Persian Empire for a term of sixty years..."

— D’Arcy Oil Concession, signed by the Shah of Persia, 1901

Which of the following 19th- or early-20th-century developments is best illustrated by the concession described in the passage?

Read the passage below and answer the following question.

"The concession granted by the Belgian Government to the Huileries du Congo Belge [a subsidiary of the British firm Lever Brothers] covers an area of some 1,800,000 acres of land... containing natural palm forests of immense value. The concessionaire company has the exclusive right to gather the fruit of the oil palm and to establish mills for the extraction of palm oil. The development of this enterprise is not merely a private commercial triumph, but a vital link in supplying the home industries of Great Britain with the essential raw materials required for the manufacturing of soaps and lubricants, while introducing modern industrial discipline to the native population of the Congo Basin."
—Report on the Economic Conditions in the Belgian Congo, British Consular Service, 1913

Which of the following global economic developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is best illustrated by the activities described in the passage?

Matthew Crabtree, a witness before a British parliamentary committee in 1832, gave the following testimony:

"What age are you? — Twenty-two.
What is your occupation? — A blanket manufacturer.
Have you ever been employed in a factory? — Yes, at eight years old.
What were your hours of labour? — From 6 in the morning to 8 at night.
With what intervals for refreshments? — An hour at noon.
Had you no time for breakfast or afternoon refreshment? — No, we had to eat our meals as we could, standing up, while the machinery was moving."
— British Parliament, Sadler Committee Report, 1832

The testimony in the passage was most directly used by reformers to advocate for which of the following responses to industrialization?

During the late nineteenth century, industrializing nations experienced a shift from the technologies of the First Industrial Revolution to those of the Second Industrial Revolution. Which of the following innovations was a primary power source introduced during this second phase of industrialization?

"Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent. The only way whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of civil society, is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community..."

— John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1689

Which of the following principles of the Enlightenment is most directly expressed in the passage?

"As with the commander of an army, or the leader of any enterprise, so it is with the mistress of a house. Her spirit will be seen through the whole establishment; and just in proportion as she performs her duties intelligently and thoroughly, so will her domestics follow in her path."

— Isabella Beeton, *Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management*, London, 1861

The passage above best illustrates which of the following social transformations in nineteenth-century industrializing societies?

Source: Thomas Jefferson, the United States Declaration of Independence, 1776

'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles...'

The ideas expressed in the passage most directly support which of the following political arguments?

Source: Edward Baines, British historian, *History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain*, 1835.

"Great Britain... possesses, in its abundance of coal, an inexhaustible source of power, which has been applied by the steam-engine to every branch of industry. This, combined with our command of iron, which is the material of all our machinery, has given us an advantage over all other nations."

The resources described in the passage best illustrate which of the following environmental preconditions of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?