Unit 5: Revolutions

"The import of foreign manufactures operates as a transfer of the value of our own labor to foreign countries. A nation which is both agricultural and manufacturing can support a larger population and maintain its independence far better than one which is merely agricultural. Therefore, the encouragement of domestic manufactures by protective tariffs and government incentives is essential to secure our national independence and prosperity."

— Alexander Hamilton, United States Secretary of the Treasury, *Report on Manufactures*, 1791

Which of the following global developments in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best illustrated by the excerpt?

"The country about Newcastle is black and dirty; the coal mines are the source of its wealth and population... The whole country is intersected by railroads, or rather wooden and iron ways, upon which the coal-wagons are drawn. These ways lead to the river Tyne, where the coal is discharged into vessels. The ease of transportation, combined with the abundance of this mineral, has given Newcastle and the surrounding districts an immense advantage..."
— Louis Simond, French-American traveler, *Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain*, 1810–1811

Which of the following environmental or geographic factors described in the passage was a primary precondition for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?

Source: Lord Ashley (later Earl of Shaftesbury), speech in the British Parliament during the debate over the Factory Act of 1844.

"We must not, we cannot, allow our children and women to be worked to the very bone in these houses of toil. The factory system, as currently permitted, crushes the physical health and corrupts the moral character of our laborers. By reducing the hours of labor, we do not threaten the industrial supremacy of the nation; rather, we preserve the very citizens upon whom our future depends. The state has a moral obligation to intervene and establish boundaries to protect those who cannot protect themselves."

Which of the following reactions to industrialization is best represented by the arguments in the passage?

"Our work here is not merely the extraction of diamonds from the soil of South Africa; it is the establishment of a systematic control over the global trade in precious stones. By consolidating our holdings and establishing sales agencies in London, Paris, and Amsterdam, we can regulate the supply to match the demands of the global market, ensuring steady profits for our investors and securing the capital necessary for further infrastructure development across the continent."

—Address delivered by the chairman of the De Beers Consolidated Mines at a shareholders' meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, 1889

The operations of companies like De Beers as described in the passage best illustrate which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?

"The introduction of electric street lighting in our cities has not only extended the hours of industrial labor and social activity, but has also vastly improved public safety. The massive generators operating at the central station now provide a constant current, replacing the older, localized gas lamps that required manual ignition and constant coal-gas supply."

— Adapted from a British trade journal, 1891

Which of the following technological innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution most directly enabled the transition described in the passage?

Source: Harriet Robinson, *Loom and Spindle, or Life Among the Early Mill Girls*, describing her experiences in the Lowell textile mills in Massachusetts during the 1830s and 1840s, published in 1898.

'One of the first effects of the new system of labor was to make the girls independent. They earned their own money and could spend it as they pleased, without asking permission from their fathers or brothers. For the first time in history, a large body of women was brought together in a cooperative environment, sharing dormitories, reading books, and attending lectures after their shifts. Yet, this independence was bounded by the strict rules of the corporations, which regulated their hours, church attendance, and moral conduct both inside and outside the mills.'

The developments described in the passage most directly reflect which of the following social changes in industrializing societies?

Source: Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I, Imperial Edict of Gülhane (Tanzimat Edict), 1839.

"We deem it fit in the presence of all to state that the institutions of our Empire must be reformed. These institutions relate principally to three points: first, the guarantees which will ensure our subjects perfect security for their lives, their honor, and their property; second, a regular method of levying and collecting taxes; third, an equally regular method for the recruiting of the army and the duration of military service. Indeed, without these, there can be no strength, no wealth, no happiness, no peace for a state... From now on, the tax will be determined according to the fortune and capacity of each... All subjects of our Empire, of whatever religion or sect they may be, shall enjoy these concessions without exception."

The reform program outlined in the passage was most directly a response to which of the following nineteenth-century developments?

"Our firm has recently completed negotiations to construct the Shanghai-Wusong railway line and has expanded our insurance and shipping operations across Hong Kong, Yokohama, and Singapore. By securing capital from European investors and reinvesting profits directly into local steamship lines, we are positioning our enterprise to dominate the regional carriage of raw silk and British manufactured textiles, operating freely under the commercial privileges established by the treaties."

—Report from a British merchant house partner in East Asia, 1882

Which of the following nineteenth-century global economic developments is best illustrated by the operations described in the passage?