Network Security

427 questions

Question 61Question

Match each network attack type on the left with its corresponding technical mechanism or operational signature on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

BGP Route Hijacking
TCP Session Hijacking
Wireless Deauthentication
DNS Amplification

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

BGP Route Hijacking matches with advertising false IP prefixes to Autonomous Systems. TCP Session Hijacking matches with predicting connection sequence numbers to inject payloads. Wireless Deauthentication matches with transmitting spoofed 802.11 management frames. DNS Amplification matches with exploiting open recursive name servers using spoofed source IPs.
BGP Route Hijacking relies on rogue Autonomous System prefix announcements to misroute traffic. TCP Session Hijacking exploits TCP sequence counter predictability to commandeer established streams. Wireless Deauthentication sends spoofed 802.11 management packets to sever wireless associations. DNS Amplification leverages open resolvers and UDP source spoofing to magnify attack traffic directed at a target.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze each network attack type to determine its primary protocol layer and attack mechanism.
Identified four distinct network attacks operating across routing, transport, wireless, and application layers.
Matching requires evaluating the fundamental operation of each attack vector.
2
Associate each attack with its specific technical implementation and operational signature.
Successfully paired BGP Route Hijacking with prefix advertisement spoofing, TCP Session Hijacking with sequence number prediction, Wireless Deauthentication with 802.11 frame spoofing, and DNS Amplification with open resolver reflection.
Each mechanism relies on unique protocol vulnerabilities and operational behaviors.

Key Concept

Common Network Attack Types and Vectors
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 62Question

A network security administrator is selecting a centralized AAA protocol for managing corporate switches and firewalls. Organization security policies dictate that administrative sessions must use a connection-oriented transport protocol and encrypt the complete packet payload, including the header and body. Which protocol meets all specified requirements?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: TACACS+

Answer

TACACS+ is the correct choice because it encrypts the entire packet payload and utilizes connection-oriented TCP port 49.
TACACS+ encrypts the complete body of every packet exchanged between the client network device and authentication server. In addition, it operates over connection-oriented TCP port 49, providing connection reliability and detailed command-by-command authorization controls.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze encryption requirements specified in the scenario
The scenario requires full payload encryption (not just password obfuscation).
RADIUS encrypts only the password field, whereas TACACS+ encrypts the entire body of the packet.
2
Analyze transport protocol requirements specified in the scenario
The scenario mandates a connection-oriented transport protocol.
TCP provides connection-oriented reliability. TACACS+ uses TCP port 49, whereas RADIUS uses UDP ports 1812/1813.
3
Synthesize protocol characteristics to select the correct answer
TACACS+ fulfills both full payload encryption and TCP-based reliable transport.
TACACS+ decouples AAA components, encrypts all communication beyond the header, and runs over TCP.

Key Concept

RADIUS vs TACACS+ Protocol Feature Matrix
Question 63Question

A network security administrator is tasked with deploying a solution to protect internal web servers from malicious payload attacks. The deployment requirements specify that the device must inspect passing packet payloads in real time and actively drop malicious packets before they reach the destination hosts. Which of the following system types and deployment modes should the administrator implement?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: An inline Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) positioned directly in the network traffic path

Answer

An inline Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) positioned directly in the network traffic path
An inline Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) sits directly in the flow of traffic. This in-band position allows it to analyze packet payloads and drop malicious packets before they traverse the rest of the network to reach target hosts.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the scenario requirements.
The requirement specifies deep packet payload inspection and real-time active inline dropping of malicious packets before destination delivery.
Understanding the need for active prevention versus passive notification dictates the system selection.
2
Compare Network Intrusion Detection (NIDS) and Network Intrusion Prevention (NIPS) architectures.
NIDS operates out-of-band (passive mode via SPAN/TAP), whereas NIPS operates in-band (inline mode).
Only an in-band NIPS device possesses the network positioning required to inspect and stop malicious traffic in real time.

Key Concept

NIPS vs NIDS placement architecture (In-band inline prevention vs out-of-band passive detection)
Question 64Question

A network administrator is designing a centralized access control solution for managing network infrastructure devices, such as switches and routers. The security policy requires that the authorization component must be completely decoupled from authentication, allowing custom command-level access privileges per user group. Additionally, the entire protocol payload, including all administrative commands transmitted during interactive sessions, must be encrypted over a reliable connection. Which protocol best satisfies all of these requirements?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: TACACS+

Answer

TACACS+ is the correct choice because it encrypts the entire body of the packet, uses reliable TCP transport (port 49), and separates authentication and authorization processes to allow granular command-level access controls.
The protocol that meets all listed requirements is TACACS+. It operates over TCP port 49, provides full packet body encryption (protecting both credentials and command payloads), and explicitly separates authentication, authorization, and accounting functions, allowing administrators to restrict and authorize individual CLI commands per user group.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze protocol encryption requirements.
The requirement calls for full payload encryption during administrative sessions. TACACS+ encrypts the entire packet payload, whereas RADIUS only encrypts the user password.
Protecting command execution and authorization traffic requires full transport/payload encryption.
2
Analyze AAA functional decoupling requirements.
TACACS+ decouples Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting, allowing per-command authorization checks independently of the authentication mechanism.
RADIUS combines authentication and authorization into single Access-Request/Access-Accept exchanges, making granular command-by-command authorization difficult.
3
Evaluate transport layer reliability.
TACACS+ operates over TCP port 49, providing connection-oriented reliability for device management.
Connection reliability ensures administrative commands are accurately acknowledged and logged without UDP packet loss issues.

Key Concept

AAA Protocol Differentiation (RADIUS vs. TACACS+)
Question 65Question

A network administrator is tasked with deploying a centralized AAA solution specifically for administrative CLI access to enterprise network switches. The security baseline mandates that all administrative command authorization details and session logs transmitted between the switches and the AAA server must have their entire packet payloads encrypted. Additionally, the authentication service must operate over a connection-oriented transport protocol to guarantee packet delivery. Which protocol and default port configuration should the administrator implement to meet these requirements?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: TACACS+ using TCP port 49

Answer

TACACS+ using TCP port 49
TACACS+ (Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus) separates Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting into distinct functions, encrypts the entire packet payload (beyond the header), and runs over TCP port 49. This makes it ideal for administrative device access control where full command encryption and connection reliability are mandatory.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze transport protocol requirements
The requirement specifies a reliable, connection-oriented transport layer protocol, which points to TCP rather than connectionless UDP.
TCP guarantees delivered segments via acknowledgments, whereas UDP is connectionless and unacknowledged.
2
Evaluate payload encryption capabilities of AAA protocols
TACACS+ encrypts the complete packet payload (everything after the TACACS+ header), whereas RADIUS only encrypts the password attribute in Access-Request packets.
Full payload encryption protects sensitive authorization commands and accounting details in transit.
3
Map protocol to standard port numbers
TACACS+ operates over TCP port 49. RADIUS uses UDP ports 1812 (Authentication) and 1813 (Accounting) or legacy UDP 1645/1646.
Matching the correct protocol, transport protocol, and standard port identifier confirms the required configuration.

Key Concept

RADIUS vs TACACS+ Protocol Feature Differentiation & Transport Requirements
Question 66Question

A network administrator is implementing TACACS+ for centralized administration of network routers and switches. Which TWO of the following are distinct operational characteristics of the TACACS+ protocol?

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Encrypts the entire payload of the packet; Operates over TCP port 49 for transport

Answer

TACACS+ encrypts the entire payload of the packet and operates over TCP port 49.
TACACS+ is designed for network device administration, encrypting the entire packet payload and using TCP port 49 for reliable transport.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the transport layer protocol and port number for TACACS+.
TACACS+ uses TCP port 49.
Connection-oriented TCP ensures reliable transmission of administrative commands and AAA traffic.
2
Identify the encryption capability of TACACS+ compared to RADIUS.
TACACS+ encrypts the entire packet payload.
Full packet payload encryption protects administrative credentials and command data from eavesdropping.

Key Concept

TACACS+ AAA Protocol Characteristics
Question 67Question

A network administrator needs to implement a network security control in front of a critical database cluster. The security policy mandates that known exploit payloads must be actively blocked in real time before reaching internal targets, and any hardware or software failure of the security device must not disrupt legitimate network traffic flow. Which deployment topology and detection mechanism best satisfies all of these requirements?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Deploy an in-band Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) using signature-based detection paired with a hardware fail-open bypass switch.

Answer

The optimal solution is to deploy an in-band Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) using signature-based detection combined with a hardware fail-open bypass switch.
An in-band (inline) Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) sits directly in the data communication path, giving it the ability to inspect and drop malicious packets before they reach destination targets. Signature-based detection allows immediate identification of established exploit patterns with high accuracy. Adding a hardware bypass switch ensures high availability by allowing traffic to flow unhindered (fail-open) if the inline device encounters engine or hardware failure.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze placement requirements for active real-time traffic remediation.
Real-time blocking requires an in-band (inline) NIPS so packets traverse the security engine directly before reaching the destination.
Out-of-band (passive) solutions like SPAN/TAP NIDS receive copied traffic and can only send alerts or TCP resets after traffic has passed.
2
Determine the appropriate detection engine mechanism for known exploit patterns.
Signature-based detection matches specific, known exploit payload strings efficiently and reliably without baseline training periods.
Anomaly-based detection relies on baseline deviations and has higher false-positive rates for established, well-defined exploit signatures.
3
Address high availability and continuous uptime constraints.
A hardware bypass (fail-open) switch ensures that if the NIPS appliance loses power or crashes, inline network connectivity remains open.
Without a fail-open mechanism, an inline NIPS failure would cause a complete network outage (fail-closed).

Key Concept

NIPS Inline Deployment Topology and High Availability Mechanisms
Question 68Question

Match each Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDS/IPS) detection logic or deployment mode on the left with its corresponding operational description on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Signature-based Detection
Anomaly-based Detection
Inline (In-band) Deployment
Passive (Out-of-band) Deployment

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Signature-based Detection matches known attack pattern databases; Anomaly-based Detection matches baseline deviation monitoring; Inline Deployment actively drops live malicious traffic; Passive Deployment monitors mirrored traffic off the main path via TAP/SPAN ports.
Each concept correctly aligns with its detection logic or placement mode. Signature-based detection checks known threat patterns, anomaly-based detection flags baseline deviations, inline placement allows live packet dropping, and out-of-band placement analyzes mirrored network traffic.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Differentiate between detection methods based on how threats are identified.
Signature-based detection relies on static databases of known threat signatures, whereas anomaly-based detection relies on establishing a baseline of normal behavior.
Known attack strings match signature rules, while unexpected traffic variations trigger anomaly alerts.
2
Differentiate between deployment architectures based on network traffic placement.
Inline (in-band) placement sits in line with live traffic to block malicious packets, while passive (out-of-band) placement monitors mirrored traffic streams.
Preventative action requires direct traffic path inspection (inline), while passive monitoring avoids introducing single points of network latency.

Key Concept

IDS/IPS Detection Mechanisms and Deployment Topologies
Question 69Question

A network administrator needs to deploy a security control that inspects live network traffic and actively drops malicious packets in real time before they reach internal network resources. Which of the following devices or deployments best fulfills this requirement?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: An inline Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS)

Answer

An inline Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS)
An inline Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) is positioned in-band within the network data path. This placement enables it to analyze live network traffic and actively drop or block malicious packets before they arrive at their internal destination.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary requirement specified in the scenario.
The requirement calls for an active network security device deployed in line to inspect traffic and drop malicious packets in real time.
Understanding whether the system requires active prevention or passive monitoring dictates the architecture needed.
2
Differentiate between Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS).
IPS devices operate inline (in-band) to actively block threats, whereas IDS devices operate out-of-band to passively detect and alert.
Because the goal is to stop malicious packets before they reach destination hosts, an inline NIPS is the correct selection.

Key Concept

Inline Intrusion Prevention (NIPS) vs. Passive Intrusion Detection (NIDS)
Question 70Question

A network technician is configuring centralized authentication for a remote access VPN solution. The organization's security guidelines mandate using an open-standard protocol that encrypts only the password attribute inside access-request packets, leaving the remaining header information unencrypted. Which authentication protocol meets these specific requirements?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: RADIUS

Answer

RADIUS is the open-standard AAA protocol that encrypts only the password within access packets.
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is an open-standard AAA protocol commonly deployed for network access such as VPN connections and 802.1X. A defining operational characteristic of RADIUS is that it encrypts only the user password field in the Access-Request packet, leaving other information like the username visible in plaintext.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the operational requirements provided in the scenario.
The requirement calls for an open-standard AAA protocol where encryption is limited strictly to the password attribute within access request packets.
Different AAA protocols apply distinct encryption boundaries to packet payloads.
2
Compare the encryption behaviors of network authentication protocols.
RADIUS encrypts only the user password field using MD5 while leaving the username and remaining header unencrypted. TACACS+ encrypts the entire payload body.
Identifying payload encryption boundaries distinguishes RADIUS from alternative AAA protocols.

Key Concept

RADIUS Payload Encryption Characteristics
Question 71Question

A network security administrator is reviewing different deployment architectures and detection logic for intrusion monitoring. Match each intrusion detection or prevention mechanism on the left with its corresponding operational description on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Passive Signature-Based NIDS
Anomaly-Based NIDS
Inline NIPS
Host-Based IPS (HIPS)

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Passive Signature-Based NIDS matches with inspecting mirrored traffic against known exploit definitions without latency; Anomaly-Based NIDS matches with comparing SPAN/TAP traffic against a baseline of normal behavior; Inline NIPS matches with sitting in-band to actively drop malicious packets; Host-Based IPS matches with monitoring local system calls and file integrity on an endpoint to block unauthorized actions.
Each mechanism is correctly paired based on its operational scope: Passive Signature-Based NIDS uses out-of-band traffic streams to match known signatures without introducing network latency; Anomaly-Based NIDS monitors SPAN/TAP traffic for statistical deviations from normal activity baselines; Inline NIPS sits directly in-band to drop malicious packets in real time; Host-Based IPS runs on individual endpoints to protect system files and local processes.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Differentiate between Network-Based (NIDS/NIPS) and Host-Based (HIDS/HIPS) deployment locations.
Identified that HIPS operates directly on the endpoint/host inspecting local system calls and files.
Host-based security controls focus on internal operating system calls and host files rather than wire traffic.
2
Differentiate between inline (in-band) and passive (out-of-band) network placement.
Inline NIPS sits in the data path to actively block/drop packets, whereas passive NIDS relies on mirrored traffic (SPAN/TAP) and generates alerts.
Active packet dropping requires in-band processing, while passive inspection avoids adding latency.
3
Distinguish between signature-based and anomaly-based detection mechanisms.
Signature-based detection compares traffic to fixed definitions of known threats, while anomaly-based detection flags statistical deviations from an established baseline of normal behavior.
Baseline comparisons indicate behavior/anomaly detection, whereas pattern matching indicates signature detection.

Key Concept

Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) architecture, placement, and detection logic.
Question 72Question

Match each centralized authentication protocol or framework to its corresponding architectural design and operational characteristic.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

TACACS+
RADIUS
Kerberos
EAP-TLS

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

TACACS+ matches the description of TCP port 49 operation with full-payload encryption and separated AAA services. RADIUS matches UDP ports 1812/1813 with combined authentication/authorization and password-only encryption. Kerberos matches the Key Distribution Center (KDC) utilizing Ticket-Granting Tickets (TGT). EAP-TLS matches mutual authentication requiring X.509 certificates on both supplicant and server.
Each protocol is accurately matched to its structural specifications: TACACS+ encrypts the entire body over TCP 49 with decoupled AAA components; RADIUS combines authentication and authorization over UDP 1812/1813 with password-only encryption; Kerberos leverages a KDC and Ticket-Granting Tickets for domain single sign-on; EAP-TLS enforces mutual authentication using dual X.509 certificates.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate TACACS+ architectural properties
Identified TCP port 49 transport, modular AAA functional separation, and full payload body encryption.
TACACS+ separates authentication, authorization, and accounting to allow granular command authorization on network devices while securing all packet data over a reliable stream.
2
Evaluate RADIUS architectural properties
Identified UDP ports 1812/1813 transport, combined authentication/authorization packets, and password-only encryption.
RADIUS is designed for network access AAA (e.g., dial-in, VPN, 802.1X), coupling authentication and authorization responses while leaving username and accounting headers unencrypted.
3
Evaluate Kerberos authentication mechanics
Identified Key Distribution Center (KDC), Authentication Server (AS), Ticket Granting Server (TGS), and Ticket-Granting Ticket (TGT) workflow.
Kerberos relies on ticket exchange protocols authenticated via a central KDC to facilitate passwordless domain single sign-on.
4
Evaluate EAP-TLS protocol requirements
Identified mutual authentication mandatory requirement for client and server X.509 certificates.
Unlike password-based EAP methods (such as PEAP or EAP-FAST), EAP-TLS establishes a TLS tunnel based on mutual certificate verification.

Key Concept

AAA Centralized Framework Protocols and EAP Authentication Characteristics
Question 73Question

A network security engineer is evaluating security monitoring controls and deployment topologies across an enterprise network. Match each intrusion detection or prevention architecture on the left with its defining operational characteristic or monitoring mechanism on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Passive Out-of-Band NIDS (via SPAN/TAP)
Inline In-Band NIPS
Host-based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS)
Behavior/Anomaly-based Detection Engine

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Passive Out-of-Band NIDS matches with processing copied network frames without introducing path latency; Inline In-Band NIPS matches with sitting directly in the active data transit stream to drop or reset malicious packets; Host-based IDS matches with monitoring local OS system call tables, memory, file integrity, and host logs; Behavior/Anomaly-based Detection matches with establishing a baseline of standard network traffic and triggering alerts upon statistical deviations.
Passive out-of-band NIDS receives mirrored data from SPAN/TAPs to evaluate traffic without introducing latency or failure risks. Inline NIPS sits in the direct network flow to block threats in real time. Host-based IDS monitors internal OS events, registry keys, and file modifications on an endpoint. Anomaly-based detection compares current behavior against learned historical baselines.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze deployment topology for network-level passive monitoring.
Identify that SPAN/TAP connections feed duplicated traffic to passive devices (out-of-band NIDS), adding zero operational latency and eliminating single-point-of-failure risks.
Out-of-band systems receive copies of frames rather than handling active inline routing or switching.
2
Analyze deployment topology for active prevention.
Identify that inline NIPS devices sit in-band across the wire to intercept traffic flow and execute immediate packet drops or TCP resets.
Real-time prevention requires physical or logical placement in the direct data path.
3
Distinguish between network-level and host-level inspection scopes.
Identify that HIDS inspects endpoint-specific elements such as system call tables, memory segments, and file system integrity rather than transit wire packets.
Host software agents focus on OS-level anomalies and system modification indicators.
4
Evaluate detection engine mechanisms.
Identify that anomaly/behavior-based mechanisms require initial training baseline periods to measure live statistical deviations, as opposed to static pattern matching used in signature-based systems.
Anomaly detection compares real-time telemetry against established statistical averages.

Key Concept

Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) Architectural Topologies and Detection Methods
Question 74Question

A network administrator is evaluating deployment topologies for intrusion security controls within a corporate network architecture. Which of the following statements accurately distinguish a passive Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) from an inline Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS)? (Select TWO.)

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: NIDS utilizes out-of-band traffic monitoring via SPAN or TAP ports, whereas NIPS is deployed in-band directly along the network transmission path.; NIPS can actively block or drop malicious network traffic inline, whereas NIDS primarily logs events and sends administrator alerts without stopping the traffic flow.

Answer

The correct statements are that NIDS utilizes out-of-band monitoring via SPAN/TAP ports while NIPS is deployed in-band, and NIPS can actively block or drop malicious traffic inline while NIDS primarily logs events and generates alerts.
The statement regarding NIDS using out-of-band SPAN/TAP monitoring while NIPS sits in-band is correct because NIDS receives passive copies of packets while NIPS processes live traffic directly in the network path. The statement noting that NIPS actively drops malicious traffic while NIDS generates alerts is also correct because inline placement enables real-time prevention, whereas passive placement limits response to alerting.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze placement topology differences between NIDS and NIPS.
Identify that NIDS is passive and receives mirrored traffic out-of-band via SPAN or TAP ports, whereas NIPS is physically positioned in-band (inline) along the traffic flow.
Placement topology dictates whether a system inspects traffic passively or inline.
2
Evaluate response mechanism capabilities between detection and prevention systems.
Confirm that NIPS can perform active inline mitigations such as dropping packets or resetting connections, while NIDS produces passive notifications and log entries.
Detection systems notify administrators of threats without disrupting traffic, while prevention systems actively stop threats.

Key Concept

Placement topology and response capabilities of NIDS (out-of-band, passive alerting) versus NIPS (in-band, active inline prevention).
Question 75Question

A network security administrator is deploying a Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) connected to a hardware network TAP at the main datacenter perimeter. Which of the following operational characteristics and limitations apply specifically to this out-of-band NIDS architecture? (Select TWO).

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The deployment introduces zero processing latency to the active transit traffic flow.; The system cannot directly block or drop malicious packets before they reach their destination host.

Answer

The out-of-band NIDS deployment introduces zero processing latency to live transit traffic and cannot directly drop or block malicious packets inline before they reach their destination.
Out-of-band NIDS sensors receive duplicate frames via SPAN or network TAPs. Because the sensor operates outside the live packet path, it does not add latency to transit traffic, but it also lacks the ability to prevent or drop malicious packets inline before they arrive at their destination.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the deployment architecture described in the scenario.
The scenario specifies a passive out-of-band NIDS receiving mirrored traffic from a hardware network TAP.
Placement topology dictates whether the system functions inline (in-band) or passively (out-of-band).
2
Evaluate the latency impact of passive monitoring.
Since packets are copied by the TAP and sent to the NIDS in parallel, original transit frames are not delayed.
Out-of-band sensors process copies of packets rather than sitting directly in the active data path.
3
Evaluate active prevention capabilities of passive monitoring.
Because the sensor sits outside the live path, it can generate alerts or send TCP resets, but it cannot drop inline packets in real time.
Inline drop actions require in-band NIPS placement directly between the source and destination.

Key Concept

Out-of-Band NIDS Architecture vs. Inline NIPS Placement
Question 76Question

A network security team needs to implement intrusion monitoring across a high-throughput enterprise core switch link carrying latency-sensitive voice and transactional traffic. The security policy mandates that the monitoring deployment must not introduce latency, perform inline packet modification, or risk creating a single point of network failure if the monitoring service fails. Which deployment architecture and system type best meets these requirements?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: A Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) deployed out-of-band using a switch SPAN/mirror port

Answer

A Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) deployed out-of-band using a switch SPAN/mirror port
The option specifying a Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) deployed out-of-band using a switch SPAN or mirror port is correct because out-of-band passive deployments inspect duplicate copies of network packets. This architecture guarantees that monitoring operations do not introduce serialization latency into live real-time streams and ensures that a failure of the NIDS sensor will not disrupt production network traffic.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the operational constraints required by the enterprise network scenario
Identified three critical constraints: zero added latency, no active packet dropping/modification, and zero risk of network disruption upon monitoring device failure.
Understanding architectural constraints determines whether an in-band (inline) or out-of-band (passive) solution is appropriate.
2
Evaluate system placement options (in-band prevention vs out-of-band detection)
In-band (inline) IPS devices sit directly in the traffic flow path and can introduce latency or drop connection traffic if overloaded. Out-of-band (passive) IDS devices monitor mirrored copy traffic from a SPAN or TAP port.
Passive out-of-band deployment ensures live network throughput is completely unaffected by sensor hardware failures or processing bottlenecks.
3
Select the system type and deployment mechanism matching all requirement criteria
A NIDS deployed passively via a SPAN port satisfies network-wide traffic visibility while adhering to zero-latency and high-availability operational requirements.
NIDS provides signature-based and anomaly detection on network traffic copies without sitting directly in the active forwarding path.

Key Concept

Passive Out-of-Band NIDS vs Inline NIPS Placement
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 77Question

A senior network security engineer is updating the centralized management architecture for core enterprise switches and firewalls. Enterprise compliance mandates that all administrative communications must completely separate authentication processes from command-by-command authorization rules, while encrypting the entire packet payload during transit across the management network. Which authentication protocol and transport configuration must the engineer deploy on the network access servers to satisfy all compliance parameters?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: TACACS+ utilizing TCP port 49

Answer

TACACS+ utilizing TCP port 49 satisfies all corporate compliance parameters by encrypting the full packet body payload and separating authentication and authorization functions.
TACACS+ natively operates over TCP port 49 and is designed specifically for device access control. It completely separates Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting, allowing granular per-command administrative permissions. Furthermore, TACACS+ encrypts the full body of each packet, meeting the stringent compliance rules specified in the scenario.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze requirement for AAA functional decoupling
TACACS+ separates Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting into distinct functions, permitting per-command authorization checks, whereas RADIUS combines Authentication and Authorization into a single response.
The scenario explicitly specifies that command-by-command authorization rules must be decoupled from authentication.
2
Evaluate payload encryption capabilities
TACACS+ encrypts the entire body payload of every packet following the header, whereas RADIUS encrypts only the password attribute in the request body.
The compliance directive mandates full PDU payload protection rather than partial credential-only obscuration.
3
Identify correct transport layer protocol and port number
TACACS+ operates natively over TCP port 49 to provide connection-oriented reliability for device administration.
Selecting TCP port 49 aligns with the RFC specification for TACACS+.

Key Concept

AAA Protocol Differentiation (RADIUS vs TACACS+)
Question 78Question

Match each core component of the AAA security framework to its corresponding network security function.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Authentication
Authorization
Accounting

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Authentication matches with identity verification; Authorization matches with permission enforcement; Accounting matches with activity tracking and auditing.
Authentication establishes and confirms entity identity, Authorization controls accessible operations and services, and Accounting collects operational metrics and session logs for security audits.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the function of Authentication in network access management.
Authentication verifies identity credentials.
Authentication is the first pillar of AAA, proving the identity of the entity requesting access.
2
Analyze the function of Authorization in network access management.
Authorization defines privileges and access bounds.
Once identity is proven, authorization enforces rules on what the entity is allowed to do.
3
Analyze the function of Accounting in network access management.
Accounting records session history and resource usage.
Accounting creates an audit trail of user activity and resource consumption.

Key Concept

AAA Framework Core Pillars
Question 79Question

A network engineer observes anomalous latency spikes on a critical web application server following a recent security upgrade. Upon investigation, the engineer discovers that security software deployed directly on the web server is performing deep packet inspection on all local system calls and application memory buffers, creating processing overhead under high traffic load. Which security control is actively causing this host-level performance degradation?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Host-based Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS)

Answer

Host-based Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS)
The scenario describes a security agent installed directly on the host machine inspecting operating system calls and memory buffers in real time. A Host-based Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) provides active protection at the host level, which can introduce noticeable CPU and latency overhead on high-traffic servers due to deep host-level inspection.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the location of execution and inspection targets described in the scenario.
The control is executing directly on the web server host and inspecting host-level resources (system calls and memory buffers).
Host-based controls run as agents on individual endpoints rather than monitoring network interfaces.
2
Differentiate between detection (passive) and prevention (active inline/intervening) mechanisms.
Because the control actively inspects and acts upon host system calls during execution, it operates as an active inline host control.
Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) intercept and analyze actions before permitting execution, adding local host CPU/memory processing overhead.
3
Synthesize the architecture and deployment type to select the correct system.
A Host-based Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) matches both host-level deployment and active inspection characteristics.
HIPS provides real-time protection at the OS/application layer on host devices.

Key Concept

Host-based Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) operation and host resource impact
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 80Question

Match each AAA authentication protocol or access control framework to its defining operational characteristic.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

TACACS+
RADIUS
Kerberos
IEEE 802.1X

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

TACACS+ matches full payload encryption over TCP port 49 with decoupled AAA; RADIUS matches password-only encryption over UDP ports 1812/1813 with combined authentication and authorization; Kerberos matches ticket-granting tokens over port 88 for single sign-on; IEEE 802.1X matches port-based access control encapsulating EAPOL.
Each protocol is accurately matched based on its transport protocol, default ports, encryption scope, and functional place in the AAA framework.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze transport layer protocols and encryption boundaries for TACACS+ and RADIUS.
TACACS+ uses TCP 49 with full packet payload encryption and decoupled AAA. RADIUS uses UDP 1812/1813 with password-only encryption.
Differentiating AAA server protocols relies on transport mode (TCP vs UDP), encryption scope, and functional separation.
2
Identify the ticket-based SSO authentication protocol.
Kerberos uses Ticket-Granting Services and symmetric key cryptography operating over port 88.
Kerberos is designed for domain single sign-on rather than network device management or RADIUS/TACACS+ remote access.
3
Identify the port-based access control framework standard.
IEEE 802.1X provides switch and wireless AP port-based security using EAPOL frames.
802.1X acts as an architectural framework connecting supplicants, authenticators, and backend AAA servers.

Key Concept

AAA Framework Operational Matrix (RADIUS, TACACS+, Kerberos, and 802.1X)
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Network Security Practice Questions — CompTIA Network+ — Page 4 | Examkin