Question

Difficulty: HardValuation and Adjustment for Work-in-Progress (WIP)

The financial records of Vanguard Industrial Enterprises for the year ended 31 December 2025 reveal the following details:

ItemAmount (\text{₦})
Cost of raw materials consumed180,000
Direct wages paid62,000
Factory royalties25,000
Factory overhead costs50,000
Work-in-progress (1 January 2025)48,000
Work-in-progress (31 December 2025)53,000

*Note:* Direct wages of 8,000\text{₦}8,000 were accrued and unpaid at the end of the year.

What is the total cost of production to be transferred to the Trading Account for the year?

Answer: 320000

Answer

The total cost of production transferred to the Trading Account for the year is 320,000.
The cost of production is determined by calculating the total manufacturing cost incurred during the period (Prime Cost of ₦275,000 plus Factory Overheads of ₦50,000 = ₦325,000), adding the opening work-in-progress (₦48,000), and subtracting the closing work-in-progress (₦53,000). Direct wages paid must first be adjusted for accrued wages (₦62,000 + ₦8,000 = ₦70,000). The final cost of production transferred to the Trading Account is ₦320,000.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Adjust direct wages for accruals at the end of the period
Total Direct Wages = 62000 + 8000 = 70000
Accrued direct expenses must be added to direct wages paid to reflect total direct labor cost incurred during the period.
2
Calculate Prime Cost by summing direct costs
Prime Cost = 180000 + 70000 + 25000 = 275000
Prime Cost consists of raw materials consumed, direct wages, and direct factory expenses.
3
Add factory overheads to Prime Cost to get total manufacturing cost incurred
Total Manufacturing Cost = 275000 + 50000 = 325000
Factory overheads represent indirect costs incurred during production.
4
Apply Work-in-Progress (WIP) adjustments to find Cost of Production
Cost of Production = 325000 + 48000 - 53000 = 320000
Opening WIP is added because it was completed during this financial year, while Closing WIP is deducted because it remains uncompleted at year-end.

Key Concept

Valuation and Adjustment for Work-in-Progress in Manufacturing Accounts
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