Question

Difficulty: MediumMonopoly: Characteristics and Sources of Monopoly Power

Match each source of monopoly power on the left with its corresponding economic scenario on the right.

  • Legal Monopoly (Patent Rights)A pharmaceutical company holds exclusive statutory rights to produce a newly invented life-saving medicine for 20 years.
  • Natural MonopolyA single firm operates the nation's public water grid because unit costs continuously decline as output expands to serve the entire market.
  • Control of Raw Material InputsA mining corporation holds total ownership of all known bauxite deposits required for domestic aluminum smelting.
  • State Monopoly (Government Franchise)A statutory public corporation is established by law as the sole provider of national postal services to safeguard public utility.

Answer

Legal Monopoly (Patent Rights) matches the pharmaceutical firm's exclusive statutory rights; Natural Monopoly matches the single water utility benefiting from extensive economies of scale; Control of Raw Material Inputs matches sole ownership of essential bauxite deposits; State Monopoly matches the government establishing a statutory public postal corporation.
Each barrier to entry defines a distinct mechanism creating monopoly power: legal monopolies arise from statutory patent grants; natural monopolies result from significant economies of scale in infrastructure-heavy sectors; raw material monopolies rely on key input ownership; and state monopolies are instituted by government decree.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze 'Legal Monopoly (Patent Rights)'
Identifies legal protection of innovation. Connects to the scenario involving statutory exclusive production of a patented medicine.
Patents prevent legal imitation of a product.
2
Analyze 'Natural Monopoly'
Identifies technical conditions where large setup costs create falling average costs across the entire market demand. Connects to the water grid scenario.
Natural monopolies exist due to substantial economies of scale rather than artificial entry barriers.
3
Analyze 'Control of Raw Material Inputs'
Identifies exclusive ownership of essential physical resources needed for production. Connects to the mining firm owning all bauxite deposits.
Rivals cannot compete if they are denied access to fundamental raw inputs.
4
Analyze 'State Monopoly (Government Franchise)'
Identifies government intervention establishing a sole enterprise by law. Connects to the public postal corporation established by state charter.
Government franchises restrict entry via legislation for strategic or public utility purposes.

Key Concept

Sources of Monopoly Power and Barriers to Entry
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