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Difficulty: MediumIntermolecular Forces and Hydrogen Bonding

Match each of the following physical phenomena or chemical systems on the left with the predominant type of intermolecular force or interaction responsible for it on the right.

  • Dissolution and hydration of ionic sodium chloride (NaCl\text{NaCl}) in liquid waterIon-dipole interactions
  • Liquefaction of nonpolar monoatomic argon (Ar\text{Ar}) gas at extremely low temperaturesLondon dispersion forces
  • The open tetrahedral crystal lattice giving solid ice a lower density than liquid water at 0∘C0^\circ\text{C}Extensive three-dimensional hydrogen bonding
  • Higher boiling point of polar hydrogen chloride (HCl\text{HCl}) compared to nonpolar argon (Ar\text{Ar}) of similar molar massPermanent dipole-dipole interactions

Answer

Sodium chloride dissolution matches Ion-dipole interactions; Liquefaction of argon gas matches London dispersion forces; Lower density of ice matches Extensive three-dimensional hydrogen bonding; Higher boiling point of polar HCl\text{HCl} over Ar\text{Ar} matches Permanent dipole-dipole interactions.
Each system exhibits physical behaviors dictated by its specific intermolecular interaction: ion-dipole attractions enable ionic solvation; temporary induced dipoles (dispersion forces) allow nonpolar noble gases to condense; directional 3D hydrogen bonding creates an expanded lattice in ice; permanent dipole-dipole forces provide extra attraction in polar compounds like HCl\text{HCl}.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the nature of the chemical species involved in each phenomenon (ionic, polar, nonpolar, or hydrogen-bonded).
NaCl\text{NaCl} in water involves ions and polar molecules; argon gas consists of isolated nonpolar atoms; ice involves water molecules forming a rigid lattice; HCl\text{HCl} consists of polar molecules.
Identifying molecular polarity and ionic state determines which category of intermolecular interaction dominates.
2
Pair each phenomenon with the correct fundamental intermolecular force.
Ions + polar solvent →\rightarrow Ion-dipole; Nonpolar atoms →\rightarrow London dispersion forces; Water lattice expansion →\rightarrow Extensive 3D hydrogen bonding; Permanent molecular dipoles →\rightarrow Permanent dipole-dipole forces.
Connecting microscopic force definitions to observed physical properties yields the correct matches.

Key Concept

Intermolecular Forces and Hydrogen Bonding
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Topics

Intermolecular Forces and Hydrogen Bonding

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