Question

Difficulty: MediumPopulation Migration Causes and Effects

Continuous selective out-migration of young adults from rural farming communities to major urban industrial hubs primarily affects the demographic structure of the sending region. Which of the following consequences is directly observed in the rural area of origin?

  1. An increase in the overall dependency ratio due to a higher proportion of elderly and children remainingAnswer
  2. B
    A reduction in the economic dependency ratio resulting from a contraction in the non-working population
  3. C
    An influx of urban industrial amenities acting as a primary pull factor for elderly agricultural workers
  4. D
    The rapid conversion of dispersed rural homesteads into dense nucleated urban settlements

Answer

An increase in the overall dependency ratio due to a higher proportion of elderly and children remaining
Rural-to-urban migration is highly age-selective, primarily pulling young, economically active individuals away from rural communities. As a consequence, the rural origin experiences an increase in its dependency ratio because the remaining population consists disproportionately of dependents—specifically young children and the elderly—supported by fewer local working-age individuals.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the migrating demographic cohort
Rural-to-urban migration is age-selective, predominantly involving young adults in the economically active working age bracket (typically 15–45 years).
Young adults move in search of tertiary education, employment, and better socio-economic opportunities.
2
Analyze the impact on the demographic composition of the rural origin
The departure of working-age individuals leaves a higher concentration of dependents (children under 15 and elderly individuals over 65) in the rural area.
The dependency ratio formula is Dependency Ratio=Population <15+Population >65Working Age Population (15–64)×100\text{Dependency Ratio} = \frac{\text{Population } < 15 + \text{Population } > 65}{\text{Working Age Population (15--64)}} \times 100. Shrinking the denominator increases the overall ratio.

Key Concept

Demographic impacts of age-selective migration on source communities
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