All practice questions

Question 3721Question →

The following financial records were extracted from the books of Bayo Craftsmanship Ltd for the year ended 31 December 2025:

Account Item	Amount ( $\text{₦}$ )
Stock of raw materials (1 Jan 2025)	$15,000$
Stock of raw materials (31 Dec 2025)	$12,000$
Purchases of raw materials	$85,000$
Carriage inwards on raw materials	$4,000$
Direct factory wages	$45,000$
Production royalties	$8,000$
Factory rent	$18,000$
Depreciation of factory plant	$6,000$

Calculate the total Prime Cost for the year in Naira ( $\text{₦}$ ).

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 145000

Answer

The Prime Cost for the year is ₦145,000.

Prime Cost is the sum total of all direct expenses incurred in production. It is calculated as Cost of Raw Materials Consumed (

15,000 + 85,000 + 4,000 - 12,000 = 92,000

) plus Direct Factory Wages (

45,000

) plus Production Royalties (

8,000

), yielding

\text{₦}145,000

. Indirect costs like factory rent and depreciation are overheads and must be excluded.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Calculate the Cost of Raw Materials Consumed

₦92,000

Cost of raw materials consumed is found by adding carriage inwards to purchases of raw materials, adding opening stock, and deducting closing stock:

15,000 + 85,000 + 4,000 - 12,000 = 92,000

.

2

Identify all direct manufacturing cost components

Raw Materials Consumed (₦92,000), Direct Factory Wages (₦45,000), and Production Royalties (₦8,000)

Prime Cost consists strictly of direct costs (Direct Materials + Direct Labour + Direct Expenses).

3

Sum the direct costs to arrive at Prime Cost

₦145,000

Adding raw materials consumed, direct labor, and production royalties:

92,000 + 45,000 + 8,000 = 145,000

.

Key Concept

Prime Cost consists of the sum of direct materials consumed, direct wages/labour, and direct expenses (such as royalties). Indirect expenses like factory rent and plant depreciation belong to factory overheads.

Question 3722Question →

Match each topographic map elevation scenario to its corresponding calculated slope gradient ratio ( $1 \text{ in } N$ ). Which of the following correct pairs match each map measurement scenario on the left with its computed gradient ratio on the right?

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct matches pair each scenario with its gradient ratio as follows: the

80\text{ m}

elevation difference over

4\text{ cm}

(

1:50,000

) matches

1 \text{ in } 25

; the

150\text{ m}

elevation difference over

3\text{ cm}

(

1:100,000

) matches

1 \text{ in } 20

; the

200\text{ m}

elevation difference over

2\text{ cm}

(

1:25,000

) matches

1 \text{ in } 2.5

; and the

60\text{ m}

elevation difference over

6\text{ cm}

(

1:50,000

) matches

1 \text{ in } 50

.

Each elevation difference (VI) is divided by the true ground distance (HE) converted to meters. For scenario 1:

4\text{ cm} \times 50,000 / 100 = 2,000\text{ m}

, leading to

80 / 2,000 = 1 / 25

. For scenario 2:

3\text{ cm} \times 100,000 / 100 = 3,000\text{ m}

, giving

150 / 3,000 = 1 / 20

. For scenario 3:

2\text{ cm} \times 25,000 / 100 = 500\text{ m}

, giving

200 / 500 = 1 / 2.5

. For scenario 4:

6\text{ cm} \times 50,000 / 100 = 3,000\text{ m}

, yielding

60 / 3,000 = 1 / 50

.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Recall the gradient formula for topographic maps

Gradient formula is

\text{Gradient} = \frac{\text{Vertical Interval (VI)}}{\text{Horizontal Equivalent (HE)}}

, where both VI and HE must be expressed in the same units (meters).

Gradient is a dimensionless ratio comparing vertical rise to horizontal ground distance.

2

Calculate Horizontal Equivalent (HE) for each scenario

Scenario 1:

\text{HE} = 4\text{ cm} \times 50,000 = 200,000\text{ cm} = 2,000\text{ m}

. Scenario 2:

\text{HE} = 3\text{ cm} \times 100,000 = 300,000\text{ cm} = 3,000\text{ m}

. Scenario 3:

\text{HE} = 2\text{ cm} \times 25,000 = 50,000\text{ cm} = 500\text{ m}

. Scenario 4:

\text{HE} = 6\text{ cm} \times 50,000 = 300,000\text{ cm} = 3,000\text{ m}

.

Map distance must be converted to actual ground distance using the representative fraction scale.

3

Compute the gradient ratio (VI / HE) for each item and pair with the correct ratio

Item 1:

\frac{80}{2000} = \frac{1}{25}

(

1 \text{ in } 25

). Item 2:

\frac{150}{3000} = \frac{1}{20}

(

1 \text{ in } 20

). Item 3:

\frac{200}{500} = \frac{1}{2.5}

(

1 \text{ in } 2.5

). Item 4:

\frac{60}{3000} = \frac{1}{50}

(

1 \text{ in } 50

).

Simplifying each fraction to unit numerator format (

1 / N

) yields the standard gradient ratio expression.

Key Concept

Slope and Gradient Calculation

Question 3723Question →

Environmental conservation is vital for maintaining ecological balance and supporting human livelihoods. Which of the following statements best articulates the primary concept and purpose of environmental conservation?

The planned management and rational utilization of natural resources to meet present societal needs without compromising their availability for future generations.

The continuous exploitation of exhaustible fossil fuels under the assumption that organic mineral deposits naturally replenish at a rapid rate.

The restriction of environmental management actions exclusively to post-disaster auditing after development projects are completed.

The complete transfer of broad environmental protection enforcement exclusively to narrow single-issue agencies like oil spill response bodies.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The planned management and rational utilization of natural resources to meet present societal needs without compromising their availability for future generations.

Answer

The planned management and rational utilization of natural resources to meet present societal needs without compromising their availability for future generations.

Environmental conservation focuses on the wise, planned management and sustainable consumption of natural resources. It balances human economic demands with ecological integrity so that resources remain viable for upcoming generations.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Analyze the term 'Environmental Conservation'

Recognize that conservation implies sustainable stewardship, balancing resource consumption with ecosystem preservation.

Environmental conservation differs from total preservation (non-use) by allowing controlled utilization.

2

Evaluate the option defining sustainable use across generations

Identify that meeting present needs while preserving natural systems for future generations represents the core principle of conservation.

This aligns directly with sustainable natural resource management concepts in geography.

Key Concept

Concept and Rationale for Environmental Conservation

Question 3724Question →

Chief Okafor runs a retail store and maintains single-entry records. For the accounting year ended 31 December 2025, his cash transactions were summarized as follows:
- Opening cash balance: $\text{N}25,000$
- Cash received from debtors: $\text{N}340,000$
- Cash sales: $\text{N}275,000$
- Cash banked (paid into bank): $\text{N}410,000$
- General business expenses paid in cash: $\text{N}85,000$
- Cash wages paid: $\text{N}60,000$
- Closing cash balance: $\text{N}18,000$

Based on the cash summary analysis, what is the total amount of cash withdrawn by the proprietor for personal drawings during the year?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 67000

Answer

The total amount of cash withdrawn by the proprietor for personal drawings is

\text{N}67,000

.

In single-entry accounting, a cash summary account is constructed to find missing cash transactions. Total cash inflows (opening cash

\text{N}25,000

+ receipts from debtors

\text{N}340,000

+ cash sales

\text{N}275,000

) amount to

\text{N}640,000

. Known cash payments and closing balance (cash banked

\text{N}410,000

+ general expenses

\text{N}85,000

+ wages

\text{N}60,000

+ closing balance

\text{N}18,000

) total

\text{N}573,000

. The balancing figure of

\text{N}67,000

represents cash withdrawn by the proprietor for personal use.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Sum all cash receipts and the opening balance to get total cash available on the debit side.

Total debit side =

\text{N}25,000 + \text{N}340,000 + \text{N}275,000 = \text{N}640,000

.

The cash summary debit side records initial cash on hand plus all cash receipts during the accounting period.

2

Sum all documented cash payments and the unspent closing cash balance on the credit side.

Total accounted outflows and closing balance =

\text{N}410,000 + \text{N}85,000 + \text{N}60,000 + \text{N}18,000 = \text{N}573,000

.

The credit side of the cash summary lists disbursements (including cash banked) and remaining cash.

3

Deduct total accounted disbursements from total receipts to calculate the missing drawings figure.

Drawings =

\text{N}640,000 - \text{N}573,000 = \text{N}67,000

.

Any unexplained deficit on the credit side of a cash summary in single-entry bookkeeping represents unrecorded cash drawings by the owner.

Key Concept

Cash Summary Analysis for Missing Figures

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 3725Question →

A proposed road route on a topographical map drawn to a scale of $1 : 20,000$ connects a river confluence at an elevation of $140\text{ m}$ to a hilltop beacon at an elevation of $340\text{ m}$ . If the distance measured along the route on the map is $8\text{ cm}$ , what is the average gradient of the slope along this route?

1 \text{ in } 8

1 \text{ in } 800

1 \text{ in } 4.7

1 \text{ in } 80

Show answer & explanation

Answer: $1 \text{ in } 8$

Answer

The average gradient of the slope is

1 \text{ in } 8

.

The slope gradient is determined by dividing the Vertical Interval by the Horizontal Equivalent. Subtracting the starting height (

140\text{ m}

) from the beacon height (

340\text{ m}

) gives a Vertical Interval of

200\text{ m}

. Converting the

8\text{ cm}

map distance using the scale of

1 : 20,000

yields a Horizontal Equivalent of

1,600\text{ m}

. Dividing

200\text{ m}

by

1,600\text{ m}

reduces to

\frac{1}{8}

, which gives

1 \text{ in } 8

.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Calculate the Vertical Interval (VI)

\text{VI} = 340\text{ m} - 140\text{ m} = 200\text{ m}

Vertical Interval is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points of the slope segment.

2

Calculate the Horizontal Equivalent (HE) in meters

\text{HE} = 8\text{ cm} \times 20,000 = 160,000\text{ cm} = 1,600\text{ m}

Convert map distance to ground distance using the representative fraction scale (

1\text{ cm}

on map =

20,000\text{ cm} = 200\text{ m}

on ground).

3

Compute the gradient ratio

\text{Gradient} = \frac{\text{VI}}{\text{HE}} = \frac{200\text{ m}}{1,600\text{ m}} = \frac{1}{8}

Gradient is expressed as a ratio of 1 unit vertical rise to

N

units horizontal distance (

1 \text{ in } N

).

Key Concept

Calculation of slope gradient from topographical map scale and contour elevation values.

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 3726Question →

The upper course of the River Gongola in northeastern Nigeria initially flows northeastward toward the Lake Chad basin before turning sharply southward at Nafada to empty into the Benue River. Which of the following drainage phenomena is illustrated by this sharp change in the river's course?

River capture

Fluvial rejuvenation

Dendritic confluence

Deltaic bifurcation

Show answer & explanation

Answer: River capture

Answer

River capture

The sudden bend of the River Gongola near Nafada is a classic textbook example of river capture (stream piracy) in Nigeria. Headward erosion by an energetic Benue River tributary breached the watershed divide, capturing the upper Gongola, which previously discharged into the internal drainage basin of Lake Chad.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Analyze the drainage feature described in the scenario

The River Gongola originally formed part of the Lake Chad inland drainage system, but its upper waters were diverted into the Benue River system via a sharp angle near Nafada.

Headward erosion by a steeper, higher-energy stream (the lower Gongola/Benue tributary) eroded through the watershed divide to tap into the neighboring stream channel.

2

Identify the geographical term for stream interception

The process of a river breaching a watershed to divert the upper waters of a neighboring stream is called river capture (or stream piracy). The characteristic right-angle turn formed is known as the elbow of capture.

This is a key geomorphological concept explaining drainage network rearrangement in regional physical geography.

Key Concept

River Capture and Drainage Modification in Nigeria

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 3727Question →

WoodenCraft Nigeria Ltd produced custom office furniture during a financial period and compiled the following cost figures:

Cost Component	Amount (₦)
Raw timber consumed	450,000
Wages of workshop carpenters	280,000
Carriage inwards on raw timber	35,000
Direct hire of specialized carving machinery	45,000
Factory supervisor's salary	90,000
Factory power and electricity	60,000
Carriage outwards on finished furniture	25,000

What is the total Prime Cost for the production period?

₦730,000

₦810,000

₦835,000

₦960,000

Show answer & explanation

Answer: ₦810,000

Answer

The Prime Cost is ₦810,000.

Prime Cost represents the sum of all direct production costs: Direct Materials Consumed (including carriage inwards on raw materials), Direct Wages/Labor, and Direct Expenses (such as royalties or direct hire of plant). Here,

\text{Prime Cost} = \text{₦}450,000 + \text{₦}35,000 + \text{₦}280,000 + \text{₦}45,000 = \text{₦}810,000

.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Identify all direct cost elements

Direct Materials = Raw timber (₦450,000) + Carriage inwards on timber (₦35,000) = ₦485,000; Direct Labour = Wages of carpenters (₦280,000); Direct Expenses = Direct hire of specialized machinery (₦45,000).

Prime Cost comprises all costs directly traceable to production: direct materials, direct labor, and direct expenses.

2

Calculate total Prime Cost

\text{Prime Cost} = \text{₦}485,000 + \text{₦}280,000 + \text{₦}45,000 = \text{₦}810,000

.

Adding these direct costs gives the complete Prime Cost prior to incorporating factory overheads.

Key Concept

Calculation of Prime Cost in Manufacturing Accounts

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 3728Question →

Complete the statement by providing the correct geographical terms associated with the physical relief and drainage divide of southeastern Nigeria.

Fill in the blanks below

The prominent relief feature in southeastern Nigeria forming an asymmetrical ridge that stretches from Nsukka through Enugu is known as the Cuesta, which forms a major drainage divide between the Anambra River basin and the River basin.

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct terms to complete the statement are Udi (or Udi-Nsukka) for blank 1 and Cross for blank 2.

The Udi Cuesta (or Udi-Nsukka Plateau) is a classic landform in southeastern Nigeria. Running north to south near Enugu, its steep scarp faces east while its gentle dip slope tilts west. It serves as the drainage divide between the Anambra River (flowing west into the River Niger) and the Cross River (flowing east and south into the Gulf of Guinea).

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Identify the prominent escarpment (cuesta) in southeastern Nigeria stretching across Nsukka and Enugu.

The Udi Cuesta (also known as the Udi-Nsukka Plateau) is the primary landform forming a steep scarp slope facing east toward Enugu.

Physical geography of Nigeria identifies the Udi ridge as the major cuestiform relief in the southeastern structural belt.

2

Determine the major river drainage basins separated by this escarpment.

The dip slope drains westwards into the Anambra River basin, while the scarp slope drains eastwards into the Cross River basin.

The ridge acts as a hydrological watershed dividing the Anambra system (tributary to the Niger) from the Cross River system.

Key Concept

Relief Escarpments and Drainage Divides of Southeastern Nigeria

Question 3729Question →

Environmental conservation refers to the total preservation and complete prohibition of natural resource exploitation, aiming to keep ecosystems entirely untouched by human economic activity.

True

False

Show answer & explanation

Answer: False

Answer

False. Environmental conservation emphasizes the planned, wise, and sustainable management of natural resources rather than the complete prohibition of resource utilization.

The statement is false because environmental conservation does not prohibit resource utilization; instead, it focuses on the wise, planned, and sustainable exploitation of resources to prevent depletion while meeting societal needs.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Define the primary concept of environmental conservation.

Environmental conservation is the management and rational use of the environment and its natural resources to prevent degradation, depletion, and destruction while supporting human livelihoods.

Establishing the precise definition reveals that resource use is allowed under controlled, sustainable conditions.

2

Distinguish between conservation and preservation.

Preservation aims to keep natural landscapes and ecosystems untouched by human interference, whereas conservation focuses on sustainable yield and wise management of resources.

Differentiating these two environmental management philosophies clarifies the error in the statement.

3

Evaluate the accuracy of the statement.

The statement incorrectly defines conservation as total prohibition of resource extraction, which is the definition of strict preservationism.

Comparing the statement with geographical definitions confirms that the statement is false.

Key Concept

Concept and Need for Environmental Conservation

Question 3730Question →

Match each drainage basin morphometric property listed on the left with its corresponding geomorphic or hydrological significance on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Show answer & explanation

Answer

High Drainage Density matches with highly impermeable surface rocks, steep relief, and fine drainage texture; High Bifurcation Ratio matches with strong structural geological control; High Form Factor matches with a circular basin shape leading to concentrated runoff and sharp peak floods; Low Stream Frequency matches with permeable underlying rock, high infiltration capacity, and coarse drainage texture.

High Drainage Density matches impermeable rocks and steep relief because runoff forms numerous channels. High Bifurcation Ratio indicates structural geological controls such as faulting. High Form Factor denotes a circular basin producing concentrated tributary runoff and sharp flood peaks. Low Stream Frequency corresponds to permeable rock where infiltration reduces stream channel generation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Examine the physical controls on Drainage Density (

D_d = \frac{\sum L}{A}

) and Stream Frequency (

F_s = \frac{N}{A}

).

High drainage density occurs when surface runoff is high and infiltration is low due to impermeable rock and steep slopes. Conversely, low stream frequency indicates high surface permeability where water infiltrates underground rather than forming channels.

Understanding surface runoff dynamics and bedrock permeability.

2

Analyze the geomorphic implication of the Bifurcation Ratio (

R_b = \frac{N_u}{N_{u+1}}

).

While values between 3 and 5 are typical in hydrogeologically uniform basins, values significantly higher than 5 reflect tectonic or structural geological distortion such as faulting.

Identifying structural controls in river network organization.

3

Relate Basin Form Factor (

F_f = \frac{A}{L^2}

) to basin geometry and flood hydrographs.

Form factors approaching 1 describe circular basins where tributaries feed into the main trunk stream at similar travel times, yielding a sharp, high peak discharge.

Evaluating how basin shape governs runoff timing and flood risk.

Key Concept

Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of River Basins

Question 3731Question →

Match each cost item incurred by a manufacturing enterprise to its correct accounting classification in the financial statements.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Factory supervisor's salary matches Factory Overhead (Indirect Labor Cost); Depreciation of factory plant and machinery matches Factory Overhead (Indirect Expense); Carriage inwards on raw materials matches Prime Cost (Direct Material Cost); Sales manager's commission matches Selling and Distribution Expense.

Factory overheads include all indirect manufacturing expenses incurred in the factory building, such as indirect labor (factory supervisor salary) and indirect factory operational costs (depreciation of factory machinery). Direct costs related to raw material acquisition (carriage inwards) increase prime cost, whereas post-production expenses (sales commission) belong to administrative or selling expenses.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Identify factory overheads (indirect manufacturing costs)

Factory supervisor's salary is categorized as indirect labor, while depreciation of factory machinery is categorized as an indirect factory expense.

Indirect costs incurred within the production environment that cannot be conveniently assigned to specific units produced constitute factory overheads.

2

Identify prime cost components

Carriage inwards on raw materials is added to the cost of raw materials purchased.

Carriage inwards forms an integral part of the direct material cost required to bring raw materials to their present location and condition.

3

Distinguish manufacturing costs from selling expenses

Sales manager's commission is classified as a selling and distribution expense.

Expenses connected with the sale and distribution of finished goods are charged directly to the Profit and Loss Account rather than the Manufacturing Account.

Key Concept

Classification of manufacturing expenditures into direct costs (prime cost), factory overheads (indirect labor and indirect expenses), and administrative or selling expenses.

Question 3732Question →

During a fieldwork exercise at a coastal weather station, students were tasked with recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed. Which pair of instruments correctly matches these two weather elements to their corresponding measuring devices?

Barometer for atmospheric pressure and Anemometer for wind speed

Hygrometer for atmospheric pressure and Anemometer for wind speed

Barometer for atmospheric pressure and Wind vane for wind speed

Psychrometer for atmospheric pressure and Barometer for wind speed

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Barometer for atmospheric pressure and Anemometer for wind speed

Answer

The barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, while the anemometer is used to measure wind speed.

Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of the atmosphere, measured using a barometer. Wind speed is the velocity of airflow, measured using a cup anemometer. Therefore, pairing the barometer for atmospheric pressure and the anemometer for wind speed correctly identifies both instruments.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Identify the instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure

A barometer (either mercury or aneroid) measures atmospheric pressure in units such as millibars (mb) or hectopascals (hPa).

Atmospheric pressure is the weight exerted by the atmosphere per unit area.

2

Identify the instrument used for measuring wind speed

An anemometer (typically a cup anemometer) measures wind speed.

Wind speed measures the velocity of moving air, distinct from wind direction which is measured by a wind vane.

3

Select the correct combination matching both parameters

The option pairing the barometer for atmospheric pressure and the anemometer for wind speed is correct.

Both instruments are correctly linked to their respective atmospheric variables.

Key Concept

Matching meteorological elements to their specialized measuring instruments

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 3733Question →

In a morphometric survey of a river basin using Strahler's stream ordering system, a geographer records $24$ first-order stream segments, $6$ second-order stream segments, $2$ third-order stream segments, and $1$ fourth-order main stream channel. What is the bifurcation ratio ( $R_b$ ) between the first-order and second-order stream segments?

4.0

0.25

3.0

18.0

Show answer & explanation

Answer: $4.0$

Answer

The bifurcation ratio between the first-order and second-order streams is

4.0

.

The bifurcation ratio (

R_b

) measures the degree of branching within a drainage basin and is computed by dividing the number of stream segments of a given order (

N_1 = 24

) by the number of stream segments of the next higher order (

N_2 = 6

). Dividing

24

by

6

gives an exact ratio of

4.0

.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Identify the given stream segment counts for the relevant orders

First-order stream count (

N_1

) =

24

; Second-order stream count (

N_2

) =

6

.

Bifurcation ratio calculation requires segment count data for adjacent stream orders.

2

Apply Strahler's bifurcation ratio formula

R_b = \frac{N_u}{N_{u+1}} = \frac{N_1}{N_2} = \frac{24}{6} = 4.0

.

The bifurcation ratio (

R_b

) is defined as the number of stream segments of a given order (

N_u

) divided by the number of stream segments of the next higher order (

N_{u+1}

).

Key Concept

Bifurcation Ratio in Basin Morphometry

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 3734Question →

A morphometric study of a river basin reveals a total drainage area of $150\text{ km}^2$ . Quantitative stream analysis using Strahler's method identifies $18$ first-order streams, $7$ second-order streams, $4$ third-order streams, and $1$ fourth-order stream. What is the stream frequency ( $F_s$ ) of this river basin in streams per $\text{km}^2$ ?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 0.2

Answer

The stream frequency of the river basin is

0.2\text{ streams/km}^2

.

Stream frequency (

F_s

) is defined as the total number of stream segments of all orders (

N

) per unit area (

A

) of a drainage basin, expressed as

F_s = \frac{N}{A}

. Summing all orders yields

N = 18 + 7 + 4 + 1 = 30\text{ streams}

. Dividing

30

streams by the basin area of

150\text{ km}^2

gives exactly

0.2\text{ streams/km}^2

.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Calculate total number of stream segments (

N

) in the basin

N = 18 + 7 + 4 + 1 = 30

Stream frequency considers the total count of all stream channels of all orders within the basin.

2

Apply the stream frequency formula

F_s = \frac{N}{A}

using the total basin area

A = 150\text{ km}^2

F_s = \frac{30}{150} = 0.2\text{ streams/km}^2

Stream frequency measures the number of stream segments per unit basin area.

Key Concept

Stream Frequency (

F_s

)

Question 3735Question →

Mrs. Amina, who maintains single-entry records for her grocery enterprise, provided the following details extracted from her cash summary for the year ended 31 December 2024:

- Cash balance in hand (1 January 2024): $\text{N}15,000$
- Cash receipts from trade debtors: $\text{N}180,000$
- Cash sales collected into till: $\text{N}95,000$
- Cash paid to trade creditors: $\text{N}120,000$
- Sundry business expenses paid in cash: $\text{N}35,000$
- Cash paid into bank account: $\text{N}100,000$
- Cash balance in hand (31 December 2024): $\text{N}10,000$

Assuming all unrecorded cash disbursements were taken by the proprietor for personal use, what is the amount of cash drawings for the year?

N15,000

N25,000

N35,000

N225,000

Show answer & explanation

Answer: N25,000

Answer

The cash drawings made by the proprietor during the year amount to N25,000.

To find missing cash drawings in an incomplete record system, prepare a summary of cash transactions. The debit side includes opening balance (N15,000), cash received from debtors (N180,000), and cash sales (N95,000), yielding total cash receipts of N290,000. The credit side accounts for cash paid to creditors (N120,000), sundry expenses (N35,000), cash banked (N100,000), and closing cash balance (N10,000), totaling N265,000. The difference of N25,000 (N290,000 - N265,000) represents the missing cash drawings.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Calculate total cash available (Debit side of cash summary)

Total Receipts = Opening Cash Balance + Cash from Debtors + Cash Sales = N15,000 + N180,000 + N95,000 = N290,000

All cash inflows plus the opening cash balance represent the total cash accountable.

2

Calculate total known cash disbursements and ending balance (Credit side of cash summary)

Known Disbursements & Ending Balance = Cash to Creditors + Sundry Expenses + Cash Banked + Closing Cash Balance = N120,000 + N35,000 + N100,000 + N10,000 = N265,000

All recorded cash outflows and cash remaining on hand must be accounted for on the credit side.

3

Determine missing unrecorded cash drawings

Cash Drawings = Total Receipts (N290,000) - Known Disbursements & Ending Balance (N265,000) = N25,000

The balancing figure on the credit side represents unrecorded proprietor cash drawings.

Key Concept

Cash Summary Analysis for Missing Figures

Question 3736Question →

Natural resources are categorized based on their rate of natural replenishment relative to human consumption rates. Which of the following statements accurately describes a defining characteristic of non-renewable natural resources?

Their total global supply is finite because their geological rate of formation is vastly exceeded by their current rate of extraction.

They are derived from organic material, which allows them to naturally regenerate within human generational timescales.

They are continuously recycled through atmospheric and hydrological cycles regardless of extraction intensity.

They can be harvested indefinitely at constant yield levels provided environmental pollution is controlled.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Their total global supply is finite because their geological rate of formation is vastly exceeded by their current rate of extraction.

Answer

Non-renewable resources exist in finite quantities because their formation occurs over geological epochs, making replenishment negligibly slow compared to human extraction rates.

The correct answer highlights that non-renewable resources are finite because their natural rate of formation occurs over geological timescales, which is infinitely slower than the pace at which humans extract and consume them.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Analyze the core distinction between natural resource categories.

Resources are split into renewable and non-renewable groups based on the time required for natural replenishment versus the rate of consumption.

Timescale of formation relative to human utilization determines resource sustainability.

2

Evaluate the geological formation constraint of non-renewable resources.

Non-renewable deposits (e.g., crude oil, coal, iron ore) take millions of years to form under specific subterranean conditions.

Because human extraction occurs over decades, total available reserves are effectively fixed and non-replaceable.

3

Select the correct option matching this characteristic.

The statement highlighting finite supply due to extremely slow geological formation rates accurately defines non-renewable resources.

This directly expresses the stock nature of non-renewable natural resources.

Key Concept

Renewable and Non-Renewable Natural Resources

Estimated Time:1m 15s

Question 3737Question →

The following extract was taken from the books of Koko Furniture Manufacturing Enterprise for the year ended 31st December 2025:

Item	Amount (₦)
Factory rent paid	180,000
Direct wages paid	250,000
Factory supervisor salary paid	120,000
Factory power and lighting	45,000
Depreciation of factory plant	30,000

Additional information:
1. Prepaid factory rent at the end of the year amounted to ₦30,000.
2. Factory supervisor salary accrued at the year end was ₦15,000.

What is the total amount of factory overheads to be charged in the manufacturing account?

₦360,000

₦610,000

₦390,000

₦375,000

Show answer & explanation

Answer: ₦360,000

Answer

₦360,000

The total factory overheads calculation properly includes only indirect manufacturing costs adjusted for accruals and prepayments: adjusted factory rent (₦180,000 paid minus ₦30,000 prepaid = ₦150,000), adjusted factory supervisor salary (₦120,000 paid plus ₦15,000 accrued = ₦135,000), factory power and lighting (₦45,000), and depreciation of factory plant (₦30,000). Direct wages of ₦250,000 are a prime cost element and are correctly excluded. Summing these items yields ₦360,000.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Identify indirect costs and exclude direct costs

Direct wages of ₦250,000 are excluded because they form part of Prime Cost, not Factory Overheads.

Factory overheads only comprise indirect manufacturing costs.

2

Adjust indirect expenses for prepayments and accruals

Adjusted Factory Rent = ₦180,000 - ₦30,000 (prepayment) = ₦150,000. Adjusted Supervisor Salary = ₦120,000 + ₦15,000 (accrual) = ₦135,000.

Prepaid expenses relate to future periods and must be deducted, while accrued expenses relate to the current period and must be added.

3

Sum all indirect manufacturing costs to find total factory overheads

Total Factory Overheads = ₦150,000 (Rent) + ₦135,000 (Supervisor Salary) + ₦45,000 (Power & Lighting) + ₦30,000 (Depreciation) = ₦360,000.

The manufacturing account aggregates all indirect factory expenses to determine total factory overheads.

Key Concept

Factory Overheads and Indirect Manufacturing Costs

Question 3738Question →

During a meteorological observation at a weather station in Sokoto, Nigeria, the maximum air temperature recorded using a Six's maximum and minimum thermometer was $41.2^\circ\text{C}$ , while the minimum air temperature recorded was $24.8^\circ\text{C}$ . What is the diurnal range of temperature in $^\circ\text{C}$ for this observation period?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 16.4

Answer

The diurnal temperature range is

16.4^\circ\text{C}

.

The diurnal range of temperature measures the net difference between the maximum temperature during the day and the minimum temperature at night. Subtracting

24.8^\circ\text{C}

from

41.2^\circ\text{C}

gives

16.4^\circ\text{C}

.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Extract maximum and minimum temperature values from the observation data

Maximum temperature =

41.2^\circ\text{C}

, Minimum temperature =

24.8^\circ\text{C}

Diurnal range calculation depends strictly on the daily maximum and minimum readings.

2

Subtract the minimum temperature from the maximum temperature

41.2^\circ\text{C} - 24.8^\circ\text{C} = 16.4^\circ\text{C}

The diurnal range represents the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures within a 24-hour period.

Key Concept

Diurnal Range of Temperature

Estimated Time:1m 0s

Question 3739Question →

Chief Ade keeps incomplete accounting records for his retail store. For the financial year ended 31st December 2025, his opening inventory was $\text{₦}15,000$ and total purchases amounted to $\text{₦}85,000$ . Total sales revenue recorded for the period was $\text{₦}120,000$ . If he maintains a uniform mark-up of $25\%$ on cost, what is the estimated value of his closing inventory in Naira?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 4000

Answer

The estimated value of the closing inventory is ₦4,000.

The correct closing inventory figure is ₦4,000. With a mark-up of 25% on cost, the profit margin is 20% on sales revenue. Gross profit is therefore 20% of ₦120,000 = ₦24,000, leaving Cost of Goods Sold at ₦96,000. Deducting ₦96,000 from total goods available for sale (₦15,000 opening stock + ₦85,000 purchases = ₦100,000) leaves ₦4,000 as closing inventory.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Convert the given mark-up on cost into profit margin on sales revenue.

Margin = 20% (or 1/5) on sales revenue.

Mark-up relates gross profit to cost of sales, whereas margin relates gross profit to sales revenue. Since sales revenue is known, margin must be used.

2

Calculate the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS).

COGS = ₦96,000.

COGS is calculated either as Sales Revenue minus Gross Profit (₦120,000 - ₦24,000) or by dividing Sales Revenue by (1 + Mark-up).

3

Calculate total Goods Available for Sale.

Goods Available for Sale = ₦100,000.

Goods available for sale is the sum of opening stock (₦15,000) and total purchases during the year (₦85,000).

4

Subtract Cost of Goods Sold from total Goods Available for Sale to find Closing Stock.

Closing Stock = ₦4,000.

Closing stock is the remaining portion of inventory available during the period that was not sold.

Key Concept

Application of Mark-up and Margin in Estimating Cost of Goods Sold and Stock

Question 3740Question →

Match each natural resource on the left with its correct classification and replenishment characteristic on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Biomass energy matches with renewable energy source obtained from living or recently living organic materials; Crude oil matches with non-renewable fossil fuel derived from decomposed ancient organic matter; Geothermal energy matches with continuous and practically inexhaustible thermal energy originating from the Earth's core; Iron ore matches with exhaustible metallic mineral formed through long-term geological processes.

Biomass energy is derived from recently living organic materials that can be continuously replanted; crude oil is a non-renewable fossil fuel formed over geological timescales; geothermal energy harnesses continuous subterranean heat; and iron ore is a finite, exhaustible metallic mineral deposit.

Step-by-Step Solution

1

Analyze the replenishment rates and origins of the energy resources

Biomass and geothermal energy regenerate naturally within sustainable human or continuous earth timelines, categorizing them as renewable.

Renewable resources are naturally replenished at a rate equal to or faster than their consumption rate.

2

Analyze the replenishment rates and origins of the mineral and fossil resources

Crude oil and iron ore exist in finite subterranean quantities created over geological epochs, categorizing them as non-renewable.

Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced naturally on a human timescale once depleted.

3

Pair each specific natural resource to its unique functional description

Biomass pairs with organic renewable matter, crude oil with fossil hydrocarbon, geothermal with earth-heat energy, and iron ore with metallic mineral.

Accurate cross-matching confirms complete mastery of resource taxonomy.

Key Concept

Distinction and Classification of Renewable and Non-Renewable Natural Resources

Answer

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