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Question 6241Question

Match each African physical landform listed on the left with its primary geological origin or tectonic feature on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Atlas Mountains
East African Rift System
Ahaggar Massif
Drakensberg Escarpment

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Atlas Mountains matches Tertiary fold mountain belt formed by continental collision; East African Rift System matches Tectonic graben structure formed by continental crustal extension; Ahaggar Massif matches Precambrian crystalline basement complex with volcanic cappings; Drakensberg Escarpment matches Basaltic plateau edge formed by massive continental flood volcanism and uplift.
Each African landform is correctly paired with its primary tectonic or geological process: Atlas Mountains (young folding), East African Rift System (tensional rifting/graben formation), Ahaggar Massif (Precambrian basement uplift with vulcanicity), and Drakensberg Escarpment (volcanic flood basalt plateau edge).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the tectonic process of the Atlas Mountains
Atlas Mountains are young fold mountains formed by the collision of the Eurasian and African plates.
Relates Northwest Africa's major relief feature to Alpine crustal folding.
2
Identify the structural nature of the East African Rift System
It is a rift valley system formed by divergent crustal tension resulting in faulted grabens.
Distinguishes extensional faulting from compressional folding.
3
Analyze the geological basement and relief of the Ahaggar Massif
Ahaggar is an ancient crystalline highland shield area in the Sahara with volcanic peaks.
Recognizes Saharan basement complex uplift.
4
Determine the origin of the Drakensberg Escarpment
Drakensberg is part of the Great Escarpment, comprising thick Karoo basaltic lava flows.
Connects Southern African relief to continental flood basalt volcanism.

Key Concept

Geological origins and tectonic classification of major African landforms
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 6242Question

If the local time at the Greenwich Meridian (00^\circ) is 12:00 noon, what is the longitude of a city where the local time is 4:00 PM on the same day? Express your answer as a number in degrees East.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 60

Answer

The longitude of the city is 60E60^\circ\text{E}.
The time difference between 12:00 noon and 4:00 PM is 4 hours. Since the Earth rotates 1515^\circ per hour, 4 hours corresponds to 4×15=604 \times 15^\circ = 60^\circ. Because the local time at the city is ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the city lies to the East of the Greenwich Meridian at longitude 60E60^\circ\text{E}.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the time difference between the two locations.
Time difference = 4 hours
Subtract 12:00 noon from 4:00 PM (16:00).
2
Convert the time difference into degrees of longitude.
Angular distance = 6060^\circ
Earth rotates 360360^\circ in 24 hours, which equals 1515^\circ per hour (4 hours×15=604\text{ hours} \times 15^\circ = 60^\circ).
3
Determine the direction (East or West) relative to the Prime Meridian.
60E60^\circ\text{E}
Locations with time ahead of Greenwich are to the East.

Key Concept

Calculation of longitude from local time difference relative to Greenwich Meridian
Question 6243Question

In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, managing oil spill hazards requires a systematic environmental response protocol. In what sequential order should the following steps be carried out from first to last?

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct sequence begins with immediate physical containment using booms, followed by statutory damage inspection (Joint Investigation Visit), then bulk surface oil recovery, and finishes with long-term ecological restoration via bioremediation.
Effective environmental hazard management follows a logical progression: emergency containment prevents spatial expansion, statutory joint inspection evaluates the damage and cause, physical recovery removes mass contaminants, and biological remediation restores ecological stability.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the immediate containment action
Deploying physical containment barriers (booms) is the first step.
Immediate containment stops the crude oil from spreading further into river channels, farmlands, and sensitive mangrove ecosystems.
2
Identify the statutory assessment phase
Conducting a Joint Investigation Visit (JIV) comes second.
Environmental regulations in Nigeria require a multi-stakeholder inspection to document the cause, legal liability, and volume of the spill before full cleanup commences.
3
Identify the primary cleanup operation
Skimming and recovering free-phase crude oil is the third step.
Removing heavy surface oil prevents toxic buildup and clears the way for deeper soil treatment.
4
Identify the final ecosystem restoration step
Applying long-term bioremediation techniques is the fourth and final step.
Biological treatment breaks down lingering hydrocarbon molecules to gradually rehabilitate degraded land and water quality over time.

Key Concept

Oil Spill Management Protocol and Environmental Remediation in Nigeria
Question 6244Question

Read the following excerpt from William Shakespeare's prescribed Non-African drama, *Othello*, and answer the question that follows:

"Her father loved me; oft invited me;
Still question'd me the story of my life
From year to year, the battles, sieges, fortunes,
That I have passed."

In the context of the play, what is the primary significance of this statement made by Othello to the Venetian Senate?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: It reveals that Brabantio initially respected Othello and invited his storytelling, highlighting the hypocrisy of his later accusation of witchcraft.

Answer

The statement reveals that Brabantio initially respected Othello and invited his storytelling, highlighting the hypocrisy of his later accusation of witchcraft.
The extract shows Othello explaining to the Senate how Brabantio welcomed him into his home and eagerly listened to his life stories. This testimony proves that Desdemona fell in love with Othello naturally through hearing these tales, refuting Brabantio's irrational claim that Othello used witchcraft.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the speaker and context of the dramatic extract
Othello is testifying before the Duke and Venetian Senate in Act I, Scene 3 to defend his marriage to Desdemona against Brabantio's charges.
Understanding the courtroom context clarifies why Othello recounts his relationship with Brabantio.
2
Examine the meaning of Othello's words
Othello states that Brabantio ('Her father') loved him and repeatedly invited him to share tales of his military exploits and hardships.
This establishes that their relationship was initially built on mutual respect and admiration.
3
Connect the excerpt to the broader thematic conflict of the play
By showing that Brabantio willingly invited Othello into his home to hear his stories—the very stories that won Desdemona's heart—Othello disproves the claim that he used sorcery or witchcraft.
This demonstrates that Desdemona's love was won naturally through Othello's compelling life stories, exposing Brabantio's prejudice once the courtship became marital.

Key Concept

Textual Analysis and Character Motivation in Shakespeare's Othello
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 6245Question

A multinational commercial enterprise automates its supply chain operations by transmitting standardized business documents, such as purchase orders and invoices, directly from its computer systems to those of its trading partners without manual intervention. Which office automation technology is being described?

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Answer: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Answer

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the standard office automation technology that permits seamless, direct computer-to-computer transmission of structured business documents between separate corporate entities, reducing processing delays and administrative costs.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the business operational requirement in the stem
The requirement involves automated computer-to-computer exchange of routine commercial documents (invoices, purchase orders) between external trading partners.
Identifying the primary function narrows down the specific office automation technology.
2
Evaluate the choices against IT and commerce terminology
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is specifically designed for standardized B2B electronic document transmission without human intervention.
Other options fulfill different operational functions such as financial payments (EFT), decision reporting (MIS), or internal data storage (DBMS).

Key Concept

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) in Office Automation
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 6246Question

A meteorological station situated at latitude 14N14^\circ\text{N} records the annual climatic summary shown below:

ParameterJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Mean Temp (C^\circ\text{C})222428313331282728292623
Precipitation (mm)00210451102102301152000

Which Köppen climate group symbol and dominant atmospheric control correctly account for this station's temperature and rainfall regime?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Aw climate, controlled by the seasonal migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

Answer

Aw climate, controlled by the seasonal migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
The station displays a tropical thermal profile where every monthly mean temperature exceeds 18°C. The precipitation pattern shows a severe winter drought (November to March) and a distinct summer maximum (June to September). This pattern matches the Tropical Savanna (Aw) classification, which is governed by the seasonal poleward migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during the high-sun season.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze temperature values to determine the main Köppen climate group.
The minimum monthly mean temperature is 22°C (December/January), which is well above the 18°C threshold required for Köppen's Tropical 'A' climate group.
Tropical climates (Group A) require every month to have a mean temperature of 18°C or higher.
2
Analyze precipitation distribution to determine seasonal sub-classification.
Total annual precipitation is 742 mm, with five distinct dry months (0–2 mm) in winter and heavy rainfall concentrated between June and September.
A distinct winter dry season with moderate total precipitation characterizes the Tropical Wet-and-Dry or Savanna climate (Aw).
3
Identify the primary atmospheric controlling mechanism for this rainfall distribution.
The summer rain belt corresponds to the northward movement of the ITCZ, bringing moist maritime tropical air, while winter dryness corresponds to the subtropical high pressure belt.
Latitudes around 10°–15°N experience alternating tropical rain belts (ITCZ) in summer and dry trade winds (subtropical high) in winter.

Key Concept

Köppen Tropical Savanna Climate (Aw) and ITCZ Migration Mechanism
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 6247Question

In a karst landscape, percolating carbonated groundwater dissolves and expands the vertical joints of exposed limestone bedrock, creating a characteristic pavement structure of flat-topped blocks separated by deep vertical fissures. Which geomorphological term specifically identifies these deep solution fissures?

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Answer: Grikes

Answer

Grikes are the deep vertical solution fissures formed in a limestone pavement.
Grikes is the correct term for the deep vertical channels or fissures formed when carbonated rainwater percolates into limestone joints and dissolves the surrounding rock. This creates the classic karst surface feature known as a limestone pavement.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the landform process described in the stem
Rainwater absorbing carbon dioxide forms weak carbonic acid (H2CO3H_2CO_3), which dissolves calcium carbonate (CaCO3CaCO_3) in well-jointed limestone through carbonation.
Chemical solution along joints creates a limestone pavement consisting of two distinct alternating features: blocks and fissures.
2
Distinguish between surface solution features of a limestone pavement
The widened vertical joints/fissures are called grikes, while the raised, flat limestone slabs left standing between them are called clints.
Precise geomorphological classification requires identifying whether the feature represents the eroded trench or the remnant block.

Key Concept

Karst Surface Solution Features (Limestone Pavement)
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 6248Question

A certain district in West Africa recorded 1,200 live births in a given year within a mid-year population of 50,000. Calculate the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) per 1,000 population for this district.

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Answer: 24

Answer

24 per 1,000 population
The correct rate of 24 per 1,000 is derived by dividing total live births (1,200) by total mid-year population (50,000) and scaling the result per 1,000 individuals.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the given demographic parameters from the problem stem
Total live births = 1,200; Mid-year population = 50,000
These inputs are required for determining crude birth rate.
2
Apply the Crude Birth Rate formula
CBR = (1,200 / 50,000) * 1,000
Crude Birth Rate standardizes births per 1,000 members of a population per year.
3
Calculate the final numeric value
CBR = 24
Dividing 1,200 by 50,000 yields 0.024, which multiplied by 1,000 equals 24.

Key Concept

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Calculation
Question 6249Question

A soil scientist conducts a field transect across Nigeria, traveling along a direct line of longitude from the southern coast along the Gulf of Guinea up to the northern boundary with Niger Republic. Arrange the following major soil groups in the precise sequential order in which they are encountered from South to North.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct South-to-North sequence begins with coastal Hydromorphic soils, followed by rainforest Ferrallitic soils, middle-belt Ferruginous tropical soils, and ends with northern semi-arid Regosols/brown soils.
The latitudinal gradient of climate and vegetation across Nigeria directly controls soil formation from south to north. The sequence starts at the Atlantic coast with waterlogged Hydromorphic soils, transitions to heavily leached Ferrallitic soils under the southern rainforest, moves into seasonally dry Ferruginous tropical soils in the Guinea Savanna, and concludes at the northern arid border with wind-deposited Regosols and brown soils.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify coastal low-latitude soil belt (4°–6°N)
The southernmost zone consists of waterlogged deltaic and mangrove environments giving rise to Hydromorphic soils.
High water tables and tidal inundation at the coast prevent profile differentiation and produce gleys and alluvial deposits.
2
Identify humid rainforest soil belt (5°–8°N)
Moving inland, heavy precipitation causes intense leaching resulting in deeply weathered Ferrallitic soils (Acid Sands).
Abundant rainfall removes soluble bases, leaving iron and aluminum oxides in the subsoil.
3
Identify sub-humid savanna soil belt (8°–11°N)
In the Middle Belt, seasonal wet-dry savanna conditions foster Ferruginous tropical soils over crystalline rocks.
Moderate leaching with distinct dry seasons causes iron accumulation and plinthite/laterite layer formation.
4
Identify semi-arid northern soil belt (11°–14°N)
At the northern border, scanty rainfall and wind action yield sandy Regosols and brown soils derived from desert drift.
Harmattan winds bring aeolian sand deposits where chemical weathering is minimal due to low precipitation.

Key Concept

Latitudinal Zonal Soil Distribution in Nigeria
Question 6250Question

Match each public sector expenditure transaction listed on the left with its appropriate classification and accounting treatment on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Construction of a new state secretariat complex
Payment of monthly salaries to civil servants
Major engine overhaul that extends the lifespan of ministry utility vehicles
Purchase of office stationery and consumables for daily administrative use

Matches

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Answer

Construction of a new state secretariat complex matches with Capital expenditure financed from the Capital Development Fund to acquire a non-current physical asset; Payment of monthly salaries to civil servants matches with Recurrent expenditure charged as personnel cost against the Consolidated Revenue Fund; Major engine overhaul that extends the lifespan of ministry utility vehicles matches with Capital expenditure because it enhances the operating capacity and extends the useful life of an existing asset; Purchase of office stationery and consumables for daily administrative use matches with Recurrent expenditure classified as operational overhead for day-to-day government administration.
In public sector accounting, expenditure is classified as capital when it leads to the acquisition of long-term physical assets (such as constructing a secretariat complex) or when it substantially prolongs the useful life and capacity of existing assets (such as a major engine overhaul). Conversely, recurrent expenditure covers ongoing, short-term operational obligations, including personnel salaries and administrative consumables like stationery, which are charged against the Consolidated Revenue Fund.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the nature and duration of benefit for each government transaction.
Constructing buildings and major equipment overhauls provide benefits beyond one fiscal year, whereas salaries and office supplies provide benefits within the current period.
Public sector expenditure is split based on whether it creates/enhances long-term assets (capital) or maintains day-to-day operations (recurrent).
2
Distinguish between asset creation/enhancement and routine maintenance or personnel spending.
Building construction acquires a non-current asset and major overhauls extend asset life (capital expenses). Salaries pay for ongoing labor and stationery covers short-term administrative needs (recurrent expenses).
Major repairs that extend an asset's useful life are capitalized, distinguishing them from routine maintenance.
3
Map each expenditure item to its correct fund source and classification.
Capital expenditures link to the Capital Development Fund or capacity enhancement, while recurrent items link to the Consolidated Revenue Fund and operational overheads.
Government financial regulations prescribe specific funds and categories for recurrent vs capital disbursements.

Key Concept

Public Sector Recurrent and Capital Expenditure Classification
Question 6251Question

At the end of April 2026, the Cash Book of Koko Traders showed a debit bank balance of NGN 38,200\text{NGN } 38,200, whereas the Bank Statement reflected a credit balance of NGN 45,000\text{NGN } 45,000. A detailed examination revealed the following discrepancies:
- A direct credit by a customer of NGN 9,500\text{NGN } 9,500 was recorded on the Bank Statement only.
- Bank charges of NGN 1,200\text{NGN } 1,200 were debited by the bank only.
- Cheques issued to suppliers amounting to NGN 14,000\text{NGN } 14,000 had not yet been presented for payment.

What is the total value of uncredited lodgements at the end of April 2026?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: NGN 15,500

Answer

The total value of uncredited lodgements is NGN 15,500.
To find the uncredited lodgements, first update the Cash Book balance for items recorded only on the Bank Statement: NGN 38,200+NGN 9,500NGN 1,200=NGN 46,500\text{NGN } 38,200 + \text{NGN } 9,500 - \text{NGN } 1,200 = \text{NGN } 46,500. Then apply the reconciliation relationship: Adjusted Cash Book Balance+Unpresented ChequesUncredited Lodgements=Bank Statement Balance\text{Adjusted Cash Book Balance} + \text{Unpresented Cheques} - \text{Uncredited Lodgements} = \text{Bank Statement Balance}. Substituting the given figures gives NGN 46,500+NGN 14,000Uncredited Lodgements=NGN 45,000\text{NGN } 46,500 + \text{NGN } 14,000 - \text{Uncredited Lodgements} = \text{NGN } 45,000, which solves to NGN 15,500\text{NGN } 15,500.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Calculate the Adjusted Cash Book Balance
Adjusted Cash Book Balance = NGN 46,500\text{NGN } 46,500
Unrecorded items in the Cash Book must be adjusted first: Debit balance (NGN 38,200\text{NGN } 38,200) + Direct credit (NGN 9,500\text{NGN } 9,500) - Bank charges (NGN 1,200\text{NGN } 1,200) = NGN 46,500\text{NGN } 46,500.
2
Set up the Bank Reconciliation Statement equation
Adjusted Cash Book+Unpresented ChequesUncredited Lodgements=Bank Statement Balance\text{Adjusted Cash Book} + \text{Unpresented Cheques} - \text{Uncredited Lodgements} = \text{Bank Statement Balance}
Unpresented cheques increase the bank balance relative to the cash book, while uncredited lodgements decrease it.
3
Solve for Uncredited Lodgements
Uncredited Lodgements = NGN 15,500\text{NGN } 15,500
Substitute known values: 46,500+14,000L=45,000    60,500L=45,000    L=60,50045,000=15,50046,500 + 14,000 - L = 45,000 \implies 60,500 - L = 45,000 \implies L = 60,500 - 45,000 = 15,500.

Key Concept

Calculation of missing bank reconciliation items via Adjusted Cash Book
Question 6252Question

In practical geography, cartographers select specific statistical mapping techniques based on data characteristics, spatial continuity, and quantitative representation rules. Match each statistical mapping technique on the left with its defining cartographic principle or limitation on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Choropleth Map
Isopleth Map
Flow Map
Dot Map

Matches

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Answer

Choropleth Map pairs with shading predefined administrative units based on average density ranges. Isopleth Map pairs with using continuous isolines joining places of equal value. Flow Map pairs with employing bands or vectors of proportional width for directional movement volume. Dot Map pairs with using uniform point symbols representing fixed quantitative values.
Each mapping technique corresponds directly to its spatial data type and cartographic construction method: Choropleth maps shade administrative units according to calculated density intervals; Isopleth maps utilize isolines to show continuous spatial variations across continuous surfaces; Flow maps draw lines whose widths vary proportionally with trade or migration volumes; Dot maps display discrete totals by placing point symbols of fixed values across regions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Choropleth mapping principles
Identified that choropleth maps rely on average density ratios mapped to administrative regions with shaded fill gradients.
Administrative boundary shading is the core structural element of choropleth cartography.
2
Analyze Isopleth mapping principles
Identified that isopleths join equal values across a continuous phenomenon field using interpolated isolines.
Continuous data representation like temperature or pressure requires isoline interpolation.
3
Analyze Flow mapping principles
Identified that flow maps connect origins and destinations with proportional line widths.
Movement of goods, trade, or migrants across geographical space is measured along directional pathways.
4
Analyze Dot mapping principles
Identified that dot maps assign a unit value per point to represent absolute discrete counts.
Dot maps effectively demonstrate spatial clustering without falsely placing dots at exact coordinates.

Key Concept

Cartographic characteristics, rules, and limitations of statistical maps
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 6253Question

Which environmental hazard refers to the progressive land degradation and encroachment of arid, desert-like conditions in the northern savanna belts of Nigeria?

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Answer: Desertification

Answer

The correct option is Desertification, which describes the environmental degradation process resulting in the loss of vegetation cover and land desiccation across northern Nigeria.
Desertification is the primary environmental hazard threatening the far northern states of Nigeria (such as Yobe, Borno, Sokoto, and Katsina). It is driven by prolonged drought, deforestation, and overgrazing, leading to loss of topsoil and vegetation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the geographical context and environmental characteristic described in the prompt.
The prompt describes land degradation and desert-like encroachment occurring specifically in northern Nigeria's savanna belts.
Geographical location (northern Nigeria) and physical symptoms (arid conditions) define the specific hazard type.
2
Match the environmental hazard definition to the spatial region.
Desertification refers explicitly to the degradation of land in dryland/savanna areas into desert condition.
This directly aligns with the climatic conditions of the Sahel and Sudan savanna zones in northern Nigeria.

Key Concept

Spatial Distribution of Environmental Hazards in Nigeria
Question 6254Question

The Atlas Mountains in northwestern Africa and the Cape Fold System in Southern Africa stand out from the dominant plateau landscape of Africa. Which of the following processes best accounts for the formation of the Atlas Mountain range?

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Answer: Orogenic folding of earth crustal layers caused by compressional tectonic forces during plate collision

Answer

Orogenic folding of earth crustal layers caused by compressional tectonic forces during plate collision
The Atlas Mountains are young fold mountains created by intense compressional forces where the African tectonic plate collided with the Eurasian plate, causing crustal sedimentary layers to fold into mountain ridges.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the geological classification of the Atlas Mountains of Africa.
The Atlas Mountains in northwestern Africa belong to the young (Alpine) fold mountain system of the continent.
Africa's major relief features fall into distinct origin classes: fold mountains, block mountains, volcanic high plateaus, and interior drainage basins.
2
Determine the tectonic mechanism that produces fold mountain systems.
Horizontal compressional stresses resulting from convergent plate boundaries (specifically the African plate colliding with the Eurasian plate) buckle sedimentary rock strata upwards into folds.
Folding occurs specifically under compressional tectonic forces along plate collision zones.

Key Concept

Tectonic Origin and Structural Formation of African Relief
Question 6255Question

In public sector accounting, which accounting document is primarily maintained by a controlling officer to record approved budgetary allocations, track commitments, and prevent over-expenditure of public funds?

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Answer: Departmental Vote Book

Answer

The Departmental Vote Book is the primary accounting record maintained by an officer controlling expenditure to track budgetary allocations and prevent over-expenditure.
The Departmental Vote Book serves as a commitment register where controlling officers enter approved allocations, deduct commitments as contracts or orders are made, and record actual payments. This ensures that funds are not overspent beyond the approved vote.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary function required in the question scenario.
The scenario requires identifying the document used to control votes, record liabilities (commitments), and prevent over-spending.
Public sector financial control mandates continuous monitoring of budgetary allocation against actual payments and commitments.
2
Evaluate the function of government accounting books.
The Departmental Vote Book (Commitment Register) shows the original vote, encumbrances (commitments), actual payments, and the uncommitted balance available.
Officers controlling expenditure must check the available uncommitted balance in the Vote Book before issuing new payment vouchers or commitments.

Key Concept

Function of the Departmental Vote Book in Public Sector Financial Control
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 6256Question

Which government agency in Nigeria is specifically charged with detecting, monitoring, and enforcing clean-up operations for oil spillage incidents?

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Answer: National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA)

Answer

The National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) is the designated federal body empowered to detect and manage oil spill hazard responses in Nigeria.
The National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) was established under federal law to oversee the implementation of the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan and ensure prompt response and remediation for oil spill hazards.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the environmental hazard specified in the question.
The hazard is oil spillage associated with petroleum operations.
Nigeria uses specialized regulatory bodies to manage distinct environmental hazards.
2
Match the hazard to its corresponding statutory regulatory agency in Nigeria.
NOSDRA holds the specific mandate for oil spill detection, containment, and site remediation.
While general environmental enforcement falls under NESREA, oil pollution management was assigned exclusively to NOSDRA.

Key Concept

Environmental hazard regulation and statutory agency mandates in Nigeria
Estimated Time:45s
Question 6257Question

Match each distinct region in Nigeria suffering from severe environmental hazards (List I) with its predominant physical geological or anthropogenic driving mechanism (List II).

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Southeastern Sedimentary Scarplands (e.g., Agulu-Nanka, Anambra State)
Sahelian Northern Borderlands (e.g., Yobe and Borno Axis)
Barrier-Lagoon Coastal Belt (e.g., Victoria Island, Lagos State)
Niger Delta Wetland Basin (e.g., Ogoniland, Rivers State)

Matches

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Answer

Southeastern Sedimentary Scarplands matches catastrophic gully expansion on friable sandstones; Sahelian Northern Borderlands matches persistent desiccation and sand dune encroachment; Barrier-Lagoon Coastal Belt matches marine wave action and shoreline retreat; Niger Delta Wetland Basin matches crude hydrocarbon spillage and mangrove destruction.
Each ecological zone in Nigeria possesses distinct physical substrate properties and anthropogenic pressures: Southeastern sandstones are vulnerable to hydraulic gully cutting, Northern Sahel is vulnerable to wind-driven desertification, Atlantic coastlines suffer marine erosion, and the Niger Delta encounters oil pollution.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary environmental hazard occurring in Southeastern Nigeria scarplands.
Agulu-Nanka is famous for massive gully formation due to friable sedimentary sandstone strata.
Geological susceptibility combined with high rain intensity creates severe gullying.
2
Analyze the environmental stressor active along the northernmost fringe of Nigeria.
The Sahel region experiences desertification and southward movement of sand dunes.
Low precipitation and removal of vegetative cover enable aeolian erosion.
3
Determine the coastal dynamics impacting low-lying southwestern marine zones.
Lagos coastal zones experience marine erosion and wave surge retreat.
Strong ocean waves and tidal forces erode un-consolidated beach sediments.
4
Match the industrial contamination processes affecting the oil-producing Niger Delta basin.
Ogoniland experiences heavy hydrocarbon pollution and mangrove vegetation loss.
Petroleum production spills oil into soil and aquatic habitats, degrading local ecosystems.

Key Concept

Spatial Distribution and Physical/Human Causes of Environmental Hazards in Nigeria
Question 6258Question

Arrange the following major Nigerian soil types in sequential order from the semi-arid northern border down to the southern Atlantic coastline.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct sequential order from north to south is: Regosols and Brown soils of the northern semi-arid zone, Ferruginous tropical soils of the central savanna belt, Ferrallitic red soils of the southern rainforest belt, and Hydromorphic and alluvial soils of the coastal delta.
The geographical transect across Nigeria from north to south follows a gradient of increasing annual rainfall and vegetative cover. Starting at the northern border, thin Regosols and Brown soils predominate under semi-arid conditions. Moving south into the central Guinea savanna, Ferruginous tropical soils develop over crystalline rocks. Further south in the humid rainforest belt, high rainfall causes deep leaching to form Ferrallitic red soils. Finally, at the extreme south along the Atlantic coastline and Niger Delta, permanently wet conditions create Hydromorphic and alluvial swamp soils.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the northernmost soil zone near the border with Niger Republic.
Regosols and Brown soils occur in the far north due to low annual rainfall and sparse vegetation.
Extreme northern Nigeria experiences semi-arid conditions that produce shallow, sandy soils.
2
Identify the middle belt soil zone south of the northern semi-arid zone.
Ferruginous tropical soils dominate the central savanna region.
Moderate rainfall and seasonal wetting/drying cycles in the savanna lead to iron oxide accumulation in central Nigeria.
3
Determine the soil zone covering the southern interior forest belt.
Ferrallitic red soils (Latosols) occupy the high-rainfall southern forest belt.
High temperature and heavy precipitation promote intense chemical weathering and leaching in southern rainforests.
4
Identify the southernmost coastal soil zone.
Hydromorphic and alluvial soils form along the coastal belt and Niger Delta.
River deposition and ocean inundation create swampy, poorly drained soils along the Atlantic coast.

Key Concept

Zonal distribution of Nigerian soils from north to south
Question 6259Question

On a topographic map drawn to a scale of 1:50,0001 : 50,000, a road ascends continuously from Point A at a contour elevation of 160 m160\text{ m} to Point B at a contour elevation of 360 m360\text{ m}. If the straight-line distance between Point A and Point B measured on the map is 10 cm10\text{ cm}, calculate the gradient of the road between these two points. Express your answer as the value of NN in the ratio 1:N1 : N.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 25

Answer

The value of N in the gradient ratio 1 : N is 25.
The vertical interval (difference in elevation) between the two points is 360 m160 m=200 m360\text{ m} - 160\text{ m} = 200\text{ m}. The horizontal ground distance (Horizontal Equivalent) is calculated from the map distance of 10 cm10\text{ cm} at a scale of 1:50,0001 : 50,000, giving 10 cm×50,000=500,000 cm=5,000 m10\text{ cm} \times 50,000 = 500,000\text{ cm} = 5,000\text{ m}. Dividing the vertical interval by the horizontal equivalent gives 200 m5,000 m=125\frac{200\text{ m}}{5,000\text{ m}} = \frac{1}{25}, which corresponds to a gradient ratio of 1:251 : 25, so N=25N = 25.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Calculate Vertical Interval (VI)
200 m
Subtract the lower contour height from the higher contour height (360 m - 160 m).
2
Calculate Horizontal Equivalent (HE) in meters
5,000 m
Multiply map measurement by scale factor (10 cm * 50,000 = 500,000 cm = 5,000 m).
3
Compute the gradient ratio (VI / HE)
1 / 25
Divide 200 m by 5,000 m and simplify the fraction to 1 / 25.

Key Concept

Slope and Gradient Calculation from Topographical Map Contours
Question 6260Question

Match each accounting stage or balance associated with share forfeiture and re-issue with its appropriate ledger accounting treatment.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Called-up value of forfeited shares
Unpaid call amount on forfeited shares
Amount already paid up on shares before forfeiture
Surplus profit remaining after re-issuing forfeited shares

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Called-up value of forfeited shares matches 'Debited to Ordinary Share Capital Account'; Unpaid call amount matches 'Credited to Calls-in-Arrears Account'; Amount already paid up matches 'Credited to Forfeited Shares Account'; Surplus profit remaining after re-issue matches 'Credited to Capital Reserve Account'.
Each accounting stage accurately reflects standard double-entry bookkeeping rules for corporate share forfeiture: Share Capital is debited for the called-up amount, Calls-in-Arrears is credited to eliminate unpaid debts, Forfeited Shares Account stores money already received, and net re-issue profit is transferred to Capital Reserve.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the double-entry required to cancel the share capital upon forfeiture.
Debit Ordinary Share Capital Account with the called-up value.
Forfeiture cancels the shares previously allotted, requiring a reduction in called-up share capital.
2
Identify the accounting treatment for the unpaid call amount.
Credit Calls-in-Arrears Account.
Crediting Calls-in-Arrears eliminates the unpaid receivable balance associated with the forfeited shares.
3
Identify where the previously paid cash is held until re-issue.
Credit Forfeited Shares Account.
The money paid by defaulting shareholders before forfeiture is retained by the company and held in the Forfeited Shares Account.
4
Identify the final transfer upon re-issuing forfeited shares.
Credit Capital Reserve Account with any remaining surplus.
Profit realized on re-issuing forfeited shares is a capital profit and must be transferred to the Capital Reserve Account.

Key Concept

Accounting treatment and journal entries for share forfeiture and re-issue
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