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13931 questions

Question 10101Question

In the pre-colonial Yoruba administrative structure, how was the executive authority of the Oba formally exercised?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: As a constitutional monarch whose executive authority was moderated by traditional councils such as the Oyomesi and Ogboni

Answer

In the pre-colonial Yoruba administrative system, the Oba functioned as a constitutional monarch whose executive powers were balanced by traditional councils and institutions.
In the pre-colonial Yoruba political system, the Oba exercised executive leadership as a constitutional monarch. His authority was constrained by traditional institutions like the Oyomesi and Ogboni, ensuring governance was based on constitutional checks rather than absolute autocratic rule.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the political status of the Oba in pre-colonial Yoruba government.
The Oba held central executive authority and spiritual leadership in the kingdom.
Establishing the constitutional role of the ruler is necessary to evaluate executive authority.
2
Analyze the institutional limits placed on the Oba's executive decisions.
Institutions like the Oyomesi council of chiefs and Ogboni society exercised checks to prevent despotism.
The Yoruba political system relied on institutional checks and balances rather than absolute authority.

Key Concept

Constitutional Executive Authority of the Oba in Yoruba Governance
Question 10102Question

Which West African city served as the venue for the signing of the founding treaty of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) on May 28, 1975?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Lagos

Answer

Lagos
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was formally established on May 28, 1975, when representative leaders from fifteen West African countries met in Lagos, Nigeria, to sign the Treaty of Lagos.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the historical location of the agreement that established ECOWAS.
ECOWAS was officially established by the Treaty of Lagos signed on May 28, 1975.
The founding document of ECOWAS is known as the Treaty of Lagos, named after the city in Nigeria where leaders of West African nations signed it.

Key Concept

Founding of ECOWAS and the Treaty of Lagos (1975)
Question 10103Question

Match each key political institution established under the Macpherson Constitution of 1951 on the left with its corresponding operational role or structural feature on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Council of Ministers
Central House of Representatives
Regional Assemblies
Public Service Commission

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct matches are: Council of Ministers matches with the central executive body comprising 12 Nigerian ministers and 6 ex-officio members; Central House of Representatives matches with the unicameral central legislature of 148 members; Regional Assemblies match with the regional legislative bodies acting as electoral colleges; and Public Service Commission matches with the advisory body overseeing civil service appointments.
Each institution established by the Macpherson Constitution of 1951 fulfilled a distinct role in colonial governance: the Council of Ministers acted as the central executive body with 12 Nigerian ministers; the Central House of Representatives served as the central unicameral legislature; the Regional Assemblies functioned both as regional law-making bodies and as electoral colleges for the central house; and the Public Service Commission advised on civil service matters.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary executive body at the center under the 1951 Macpherson Constitution.
The Council of Ministers was established as the principal policy-making executive organ, consisting of 12 Nigerian ministers (4 per region) and 6 ex-officio members.
This introduced Nigerian ministers into the central executive for the first time.
2
Examine the legislative structure at the national level.
The Central House of Representatives was a unicameral legislature with 148 total members, primarily chosen indirectly from the regional legislative houses.
The 1951 Constitution created a central legislature linked directly to the regional legislatures.
3
Determine the dual function of the Regional Assemblies.
The Regional Assemblies held legislative authority over regional matters and served as electoral colleges to send members to the central legislature.
Indirect elections meant central lawmakers were elected by regional assembly members.
4
Identify the institutional mechanism for administrative personnel management.
The Public Service Commission was set up to advise the Governor on public service recruitment, promotions, and discipline.
This institutionalized civil service administration during the constitutional reforms.

Key Concept

Institutional Framework of the Macpherson Constitution of 1951
Question 10104Question

Match each classical system of governance on the left with the specific socio-political class or power base that holds supreme authority on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Absolute Monarchy
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
Plutocracy

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Absolute Monarchy pairs with unrestricted hereditary sovereign power; Aristocracy pairs with rule by noble lineage; Oligarchy pairs with governance by a small elite clique; Plutocracy pairs with authority derived strictly from wealth.
Each political system is correctly matched to its defining source of authority: Absolute Monarchy is defined by single unrestricted hereditary sovereign rule; Aristocracy is defined by hereditary noble birth; Oligarchy involves rule by a small elite faction; Plutocracy specifies rule by the wealthy.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the ruling class characteristics of monarchical systems versus elite nobility systems.
Identified single hereditary sovereign rule as Absolute Monarchy and noble lineage governance as Aristocracy.
Monarchy centers on a single sovereign lineage, whereas aristocracy centers on a noble class.
2
Distinguish between general small-group elite rule and wealth-specific small-group rule.
Oligarchy corresponds to general elite small-group rule, while Plutocracy specifically denotes governance by the wealthy.
Plutocracy is a distinct subset of oligarchy defined specifically by economic wealth.

Key Concept

Distinguishing features and power bases of Monarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, and Plutocracy
Question 10105Question

Following the January 1967 Aburi meeting in Ghana, a major political and constitutional deadlock emerged between the Federal Military Government and the Eastern Regional Government. Which of the following best analyzes why federal advisers resisted the full implementation of the agreement reached at Aburi?

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Answer: The full implementation of the accord would have effectively transformed Nigeria into a loose confederation, stripping the central government of supreme sovereign authority over the regions.

Answer

The full implementation of the accord would have effectively transformed Nigeria into a loose confederation, stripping the central government of supreme sovereign authority over the regions.
The agreement reached at Aburi, Ghana in January 1967 granted regional governors veto powers over national executive decisions and military command. Federal legal advisers correctly pointed out that implementing these provisions would dismantle Nigerian federalism and establish a confederal system where component regions held sovereign authority over the central government.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the constitutional implications of the 1967 Aburi Accord.
The agreement called for regional veto powers over central government decisions and military organization.
Understanding the structure of power sharing agreed upon at Aburi reveals the shift in legal sovereignty.
2
Evaluate the distinction between federalism and confederation in governance.
In a federal system, the central government holds sovereign authority in defined national spheres; in a confederation, component units hold supreme authority.
Federal advisers recognized that regional veto powers effectively subordinated the central government to the regions.
3
Identify why the Federal Military Government rejected full implementation.
General Gowon and federal civil servants realized that implementing Aburi would dissolve federal unity and weaken national sovereignty.
Preserving central sovereign authority was paramount to preventing the total collapse of the Nigerian federation.

Key Concept

Aburi Accord and Federalism vs Confederation in Nigeria
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 10106Question

When a single political party holds an overwhelming majority in a country operating a unicameral legislature, which structural vulnerability is most likely to manifest in the law-making process?

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Answer: The rapid passage of partisan bills without adequate legislative scrutiny or revision

Answer

The rapid passage of partisan bills without adequate legislative scrutiny or revision
A major weakness of unicameralism is the absence of a second chamber to act as a check on legislative haste. When one political party controls the single assembly, it can pass bills rapidly with minimal debate or independent revision.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the structural characteristics of a unicameral legislature.
Unicameralism features a single law-making chamber without a revising upper house.
Understanding institutional structure reveals how bills move through the assembly.
2
Evaluate the political scenario of single-party dominance within a single chamber.
Without a second chamber or strong minority checks, the dominant party can accelerate bill readings and enact laws without thorough debate.
The absence of a second revising chamber removes a key institutional check against hasty or ill-considered legislation.

Key Concept

Vulnerabilities of Unicameral Legislative Systems
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10107Question

In a public administration system, career civil servants automatically lose their positions and must vacate office whenever a new political party wins an election and assumes power.

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Answer: False

Answer

The statement is false. Under the core characteristic of permanence, career civil servants enjoy security of tenure and remain in service despite changes in political leadership.
The statement is false because permanence is a defining characteristic of the civil service. Career civil servants hold permanent appointments with security of tenure, allowing them to serve successive political administrations impartially without losing their jobs during political transitions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the statement regarding what happens to civil servants during a transition of political power.
The statement claims civil servants lose their jobs when political parties change.
Understanding the premise is required to evaluate its alignment with constitutional administrative principles.
2
Evaluate the statement against the core characteristics of the civil service.
Permanence (security of tenure) ensures that civil servants do not leave office when the executive or political party changes.
Permanence allows the civil service to preserve institutional memory and offer continuous administrative stability.

Key Concept

Permanence in the Civil Service
Estimated Time:45s
Question 10108Question

A nation transitioning to constitutional democracy aims to insulate its governance structure against autocratic consolidation. Which of the following conditions represents an essential institutional prerequisite for sustaining democratic stability?

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Answer: An independent judiciary vested with judicial review and supported by a resilient, autonomous civil society

Answer

An independent judiciary vested with judicial review and supported by a resilient, autonomous civil society
An independent judiciary with the authority of judicial review, backed by an autonomous civil society, serves as an indispensable prerequisite for democratic governance by maintaining constitutional limits, protecting individual rights, and ensuring institutional accountability.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core prerequisites of a constitutional democracy
Identify that democracy requires legal limits on government power, judicial independence, and societal mechanisms for accountability
Without institutional checks and external civil oversight, democratic governance easily degenerates into authoritarian rule
2
Evaluate the institutional role of judicial review and civil society
Confirm that an independent judiciary protects constitutional rights, while an autonomous civil society holds elected officials accountable
These elements form necessary socio-political safeguards against state power abuse
3
Distinguish genuine democratic prerequisites from common conceptual distortions
Reject options emphasizing coercive force, absolute majority supremacy over rights, or power concentration
Coercion reflects raw force rather than legitimate authority, unbridled popular sovereignty leads to majoritarian tyranny, and power concentration breaches structural checks and balances

Key Concept

Essential Prerequisites and Features of Constitutional Democracy
Question 10109Question

Fundamental human rights guaranteed by the constitution are not absolute and may be subject to legal derogation. Which of the following scenarios represents a constitutionally valid limitation on a citizen's right to freedom of movement?

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Answer: Enforcing a public curfew during a legally declared state of emergency to safeguard public safety

Answer

Enforcing a public curfew during a legally declared state of emergency to safeguard public safety
Freedom of movement is a derogable fundamental right. Under constitutional law, governments are empowered to impose temporary restrictions, such as public curfews, when a state of emergency is declared to protect public order and safety.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the nature of fundamental human rights under constitutional law.
Rights are classified as either non-derogable (absolute, such as freedom from torture) or derogable (subject to lawful restriction).
Constitutional provisions allow state intervention under specific, legally defined circumstances.
2
Evaluate which conditions permit restriction of freedom of movement.
Freedom of movement is a derogable right that can be restricted during states of emergency, curfews, or epidemics to maintain public health and security.
State security and public welfare outweigh individual movement privileges during emergencies.

Key Concept

Limitation and Derogation of Fundamental Rights
Estimated Time:45s
Question 10110Question

During a period of political unrest, an administrative security agency detains a public critic without trial. When a High Court issues a writ ordering the immediate release of the detainee, the executive branch refuses to comply, arguing that national security considerations supersede judicial mandates. Which core principle regarding judicial independence and the enforcement of the Rule of Law is violated by the executive's refusal?

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Answer: The legal requirement that executive actions remain subordinate to judicial interpretation and that court orders are binding on all authorities

Answer

The core principle violated is the legal requirement that executive actions remain subordinate to judicial interpretation and that court decisions are binding on all state authorities.
Under constitutional democracy and the Rule of Law, judicial independence guarantees that courts interpret the law impartially and that their decisions are binding on all individuals and government authorities. Refusing to comply with a High Court writ strikes directly at the enforcement mechanism of the Rule of Law, substituting arbitrary executive discretion for constitutional legality.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the executive's defense
The executive claims national security concerns grant it authority to disregard a court order.
Identifying the conflict between executive discretion and judicial authority.
2
Evaluate against principles of the Rule of Law
A fundamental pillar of A.V. Dicey's Rule of Law is equality before the law and the supremacy of regular law over arbitrary executive power.
Judicial independence is meaningless if the executive can select which judgments to obey.
3
Select the option reflecting judicial enforcement
The executive's refusal to enforce a High Court order undermines the constitutional role of the judiciary as the ultimate arbiter of legality.
Binding compliance with court orders is indispensable for maintaining judicial independence and constitutional government.

Key Concept

Judicial Enforcement of the Rule of Law and Binding Nature of Court Rulings
Question 10111Question

Which major political structural arrangement was first introduced into Nigerian colonial governance by the Richards Constitution of 1946?

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Answer: Regionalism through the creation of administrative regions for the North, West, and East

Answer

Regionalism through the creation of administrative regions for the North, West, and East
The correct answer highlights that the Richards Constitution of 1946 officially institutionalized regionalism in Nigeria by dividing the country into Northern, Western, and Eastern regions, each provided with a regional house of assembly.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core objective of the Richards Constitution of 1946
Identified that Governor Sir Arthur Richards designed the constitution to promote unity while giving expression to Nigeria's diverse ethnic composition.
Understanding the administrative intent helps isolate the specific structural change introduced in 1946.
2
Distinguish between administrative regionalism and formal federalism
The 1946 Constitution divided the territory into Northern, Western, and Eastern regions with regional councils, introducing regionalism while maintaining central legislative supremacy.
This sets apart the 1946 Richards Constitution (regionalism under a unitary structure) from the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution (true federalism).

Key Concept

Introduction of Regionalism in Nigeria
Estimated Time:45s
Question 10112Question

Arrange the following major diplomatic actions and foreign policy decisions of Nigeria in correct chronological order, from the earliest to the most recent.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence is: Severance of diplomatic relations with France (1961), followed by the recognition of the MPLA in Angola (1975), the establishment of the Technical Aid Corps scheme (1987), and the deployment of ECOMOG forces to Liberia (1990).
The diplomatic actions occurred in historical sequence as follows: Nigeria broke diplomatic ties with France over Sahara nuclear tests in January 1961; General Murtala Mohammed declared support for the MPLA in Angola in November 1975; the Babangida regime launched the Technical Aid Corps in 1987; and Nigeria led the ECOMOG intervention in Liberia in August 1990.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the date and regime for the severance of diplomatic relations with France
January 1961 under Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Nigeria took a firm early stance against French atomic testing in Reggane, Algeria.
2
Determine the date and regime for the recognition of the MPLA in Angola
November 1975 under General Murtala Mohammed
This marked a major shift toward a radical Afrocentric foreign policy during the Angolan Civil War.
3
Determine the date and regime for the creation of the Technical Aid Corps (TAC)
1987 under General Ibrahim Babangida
The TAC was introduced to export skilled Nigerian manpower as part of economic and multilateral diplomacy.
4
Determine the date and regime for the ECOMOG peacekeeping intervention in Liberia
August 1990 under General Ibrahim Babangida
Nigeria spearheaded the West African regional military intervention to restore peace in civil war-torn Liberia.
5
Sequence the events in order of occurrence
1961 -> 1975 -> 1987 -> 1990
This establishes the chronological evolution of Nigeria's foreign policy key events.

Key Concept

Chronological evolution of major foreign policy decisions across Nigerian political regimes
Question 10113Question

Under British Indirect Rule in Eastern Nigeria, Warrant Chiefs derived their governance authority from their pre-colonial status as traditional hereditary monarchs.

Show answer & explanation

Answer: False

Answer

False. Warrant Chiefs were not traditional hereditary monarchs; they were artificially created administrative agents appointed by British colonial authorities in decentralized societies.
The correct answer is False because the Warrant Chief system was an artificial institution imposed by the British in a decentralized society. Unlike in Northern or Western Nigeria where existing traditional rulers were utilized, Warrant Chiefs in the East were largely colonial creations lacking pre-colonial monarchical legitimacy.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the pre-colonial political structure of Eastern Nigeria.
Identified that Igbo political systems were acephalous and decentralized, relying on age grades, title holders, and councils of elders rather than centralized monarchs.
Evaluating pre-colonial structures is necessary to assess the legitimacy of colonial appointments.
2
Examine the origin and function of Warrant Chiefs under British Indirect Rule.
Found that Warrant Chiefs were individuals given administrative authority solely via British-issued warrants, often possessing no traditional title or royal lineage.
Understanding the creation of Warrant Chiefs explains why the institution lacked traditional legitimacy.
3
Evaluate the validity of the stem statement based on historical evidence.
Determined that the claim claiming Warrant Chiefs were hereditary monarchs is false.
The claim misattributes centralized monarchical features to a decentralized political culture.

Key Concept

Artificiality of the Warrant Chief System in Eastern Nigeria
Question 10114Question

Which foundational principle represented the primary compromise between the radical Casablanca bloc and the conservative Monrovia bloc during the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963?

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Answer: Preserving sovereign equality, non-interference, and gradual economic cooperation

Answer

The compromise reached at the founding of the OAU in Addis Ababa (1963) established an organization centered on sovereign equality, non-interference in internal affairs, and gradual functional cooperation among independent states.
During the founding of the OAU in Addis Ababa in May 1963, the debate between the Casablanca group (advocating immediate political union under a central continental government) and the Monrovia group (advocating sovereign independence and gradual cooperation) was resolved in favor of the Monrovia group's gradualist model. The resulting charter emphasized sovereign equality, non-interference in internal affairs, and respect for existing territorial boundaries.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the competing ideological positions prior to May 1963
The Casablanca bloc (led by Ghana) favored immediate political unification into a United States of Africa, while the Monrovia/Brazzaville blocs favored gradual economic integration and strict respect for national sovereignty.
Understanding the core disagreement between the founding diplomatic factions is necessary to evaluate the outcome of the 1963 Addis Ababa summit.
2
Identify the compromise reflected in the OAU Charter
The larger Monrovia group's principles prevailed, yielding an intergovernmental organization that prioritized sovereign equality, territorial integrity, non-interference, and peaceful settlement of disputes.
The resulting OAU Charter explicitly enshrined non-interference (Article III) and sovereign equality as its core pillars.

Key Concept

Founding Principles of the OAU and the Casablanca vs. Monrovia Compromise
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10115Question

Match each electoral system listed on the left with its defining operational outcome or structural characteristic on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

First-Past-The-Post System
Proportional Representation System
Second Ballot (Run-off) System
Alternative Vote (Preferential) System

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The First-Past-The-Post system matches with vote-seat distortion and simple plurality winning; Proportional Representation matches with seat allocation proportional to party vote share and coalition governance; the Second Ballot system matches with requiring an absolute majority via a second voting round; and the Alternative Vote matches with ranked-choice voting and preference redistribution.
Each electoral system is accurately paired with its operational counting rule and political consequence: First-Past-The-Post leads to vote-seat disparities via simple plurality; Proportional Representation reflects overall vote percentages; Second Ballot requires a run-off for an absolute majority; and Alternative Vote uses preference redistribution.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the winner-take-all mechanics of First-Past-The-Post (simple plurality).
Identify that a candidate wins by getting more votes than any single competitor, which distorts overall representation by failing to require an absolute majority of 50%+150\% + 1.
Plurality rules prioritize relative victory in single-member constituencies over national vote share proportionality.
2
Examine the structural principle of Proportional Representation.
Match PR with the equitable allocation of legislative seats based on party vote percentages.
PR aims to represent all electoral factions according to their popular strength.
3
Distinguish between majoritarian systems requiring absolute majorities (Second Ballot vs Alternative Vote).
Second Ballot uses two distinct voting days/rounds to secure >50%>50\%, whereas Alternative Vote achieves >50%>50\% in a single voting event by redistributing ranked preferences from eliminated candidates.
Both enforce an absolute majority requirement but rely on different procedures (run-off election vs ballot preference transfer).

Key Concept

Operational Mechanics and Characteristics of Majoritarian vs Proportional Electoral Systems
Question 10116Question

Which of the following institutions is recognized as the primary agent of political socialization responsible for shaping an individual's initial political attitudes, values, and basic orientations during early childhood?

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Answer: The family

Answer

The family is recognized as the primary agent of political socialization.
The family is universally acknowledged in political science as the primary agent of political socialization because it has the first, most continuous, and most emotionally significant contact with a child, establishing fundamental loyalties and civic values.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the core concept
The question asks for the institution that serves as the fundamental primary agent of early political socialization.
Agents of political socialization are divided into primary (formative, face-to-face early life contact) and secondary (formal, later life institutions) agents.
2
Evaluate the agent categories
The family provides the earliest emotional ties, basic values, and foundational political orientations during childhood development.
Mass media, political parties, and trade unions act as secondary agents that influence individuals later in life.

Key Concept

Primary vs. Secondary Agents of Political Socialization
Question 10117Question

Match each Fourth Republic economic reform body or anti-corruption agency on the left with its specific statutory mandate or primary operational objective on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

EFCC (Economic and Financial Crimes Commission)
ICPC (Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission)
BPE (Bureau of Public Enterprises)
NEITI (Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative)

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

EFCC matches with investigating advance fee fraud and money laundering; ICPC matches with preventing bribery and corrupt practices in public service; BPE matches with executing privatization and commercialization of state-owned enterprises; NEITI matches with enforcing revenue transparency in extractive industries.
In Nigeria's Fourth Republic, specialized governance and regulatory institutions were created with distinct legislative mandates: the EFCC targets financial crimes and money laundering; the ICPC investigates public service corrupt practices; the BPE executes state enterprise privatization; and NEITI enforces revenue accountability in the extractive natural resources sector.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the statutory function of the EFCC.
EFCC targets financial crimes such as advance fee fraud (419), money laundering, and cybercrime across both private and public domains.
Established under the EFCC Establishment Act 2004 for financial crime enforcement.
2
Analyze the statutory function of the ICPC.
ICPC focuses on anti-corruption enforcement, ethical compliance, and investigating bribery in public service.
Established under the Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act 2000.
3
Analyze the mandate of the BPE.
BPE manages the unbundling, privatization, and commercialization of public utilities and state corporations.
Formed under the Public Enterprises (Privatization and Commercialization) Act 1999.
4
Analyze the mandate of NEITI.
NEITI conducts mandatory audits of revenues received by government from petroleum and mining operations.
Enacted under the NEITI Act 2007 to promote resource governance and financial transparency.

Key Concept

Fourth Republic Administrative Reforms and Institutional Governance Bodies
Question 10118Question

In the pre-colonial Igbo acephalous political structure, policy decisions formulated during the supreme village assembly (Oha-na-eze) relied on direct democratic consensus rather than monarchical decrees. Which of the following best explains how public compliance and executive enforcement of these community decisions were maintained across autonomous lineage segments without a centralized head of state?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Executive enforcement and public compliance were carried out through age grades (Ebiri/Ogbo) and secret societies using social sanctions and spiritual authority.

Answer

Executive enforcement and public compliance were carried out through age grades (Ebiri/Ogbo) and secret societies using social sanctions and spiritual authority.
Pre-colonial Igbo society achieved political order and policy execution through shared, decentralized institutions. Once the village assembly (Oha-na-eze) reached consensus, implementation was delegated to age grades (Ebiri/Ogbo), title societies (Ozo), and secret societies, utilizing public sanctions, rituals, and collective social pressure to enforce compliance.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the structural nature of pre-colonial Igbo governance
Identified the system as acephalous (stateless/decentralized), meaning there was no centralized king, standing army, or bureaucratic police force.
Understanding the absence of a central monarchical authority is essential to identifying how political authority functioned.
2
Examine executive decision-making and enforcement organs in the village assembly democracy
Decisions were made by consensus in the Oha-na-eze (Village Assembly) and enforced by functional executive institutions such as age-grade sets (Ebiri/Ogbo), masquerade/secret societies (e.g., Mmanwu), and Umuada.
In a decentralized political system, administrative and executive functions are performed by specialized socio-religious and age-based organs.

Key Concept

Igbo Acephalous Governance and Enforcement Mechanisms
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 10119Question

In political economy, why do advocates of socialism fundamentally reject the unhindered operation of the capitalist price mechanism?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: It leads to the concentration of wealth and economic inequality among social classes

Answer

It leads to the concentration of wealth and economic inequality among social classes
Socialism rejects the unregulated capitalist price mechanism because resource allocation based strictly on market forces enables owners of production to accumulate surplus wealth, causing social inequality and exploitation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary operational feature of free-market capitalism.
Free-market capitalism relies on the price mechanism (supply and demand) to allocate resources without government control.
Prices and production levels are determined by private interactions in competitive markets.
2
Analyze the core socialist critique of this market allocation mechanism.
Socialist theorists argue that market-driven allocation rewards owners of capital disproportionately over wage laborers.
Without state intervention or public ownership, wealth becomes concentrated in private hands, deepening economic inequality.

Key Concept

Socialist Critique of the Capitalist Price Mechanism
Question 10120Question

During Nigeria's Fourth Republic, a major constitutional dispute arose when the Federal Government withheld statutory allocations from Lagos State following the state's creation of new Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs). Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's verdict on the legal status of the newly created local councils?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The state government possessed the legislative power to create the councils, but the creation remained inchoate until the National Assembly amended the Constitution to reflect them.

Answer

The state government possessed the legislative power to create the councils, but the creation remained inchoate until the National Assembly amended the Constitution to reflect them.
In the landmark 2004 Supreme Court ruling (Attorney-General of Lagos State v. Attorney-General of the Federation), the court held that while the Lagos State House of Assembly validly exercised its power under Section 8 of the 1999 Constitution to pass legislation creating new Local Council Development Areas, the creation remained inchoate (incomplete) because the National Assembly had not yet enacted the necessary consequential constitutional amendment to alter Part I of the First Schedule. Furthermore, the court ruled that the President had no legal authority under Section 162 to seize or withhold statutory funds allocated to the existing local councils in Lagos State.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the key Fourth Republic constitutional lawsuit regarding local council creation and federal allocations.
The lawsuit is the landmark 2004 Supreme Court case: Attorney-General of Lagos State v. Attorney-General of the Federation.
Analyzing the constitutional provisions under Section 8 and Section 162 of the 1999 Constitution is necessary to evaluate state versus federal powers.
2
Examine the Supreme Court's ruling on Lagos State's legislative procedure under Section 8.
The court ruled that Lagos State acted within its constitutional legislative mandate in enacting laws to create new local government councils.
State Houses of Assembly are empowered to pass legislation regarding local government creation under Section 8(1) and Section 8(3).
3
Analyze why the Supreme Court termed the status of the created local councils as 'inchoate'.
The creation process remained incomplete until the National Assembly fulfilled its consequential duty under Section 8(5) to amend the First Schedule of the 1999 Constitution.
Without the constitutional amendment listing the new areas, they could not draw funds directly from the Federation Account as fully operational constitutional units.

Key Concept

Constitutional procedure for local government creation and revenue distribution in Nigeria's Fourth Republic
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