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Question 10381Question

In democratic administration, various supervisory bodies and legal instruments are deployed to maintain accountability and resolve bureaucratic problems within the civil service. Match each control mechanism on the left with its primary operational limitation on the right:

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Public Complaints Commission (Ombudsman)
Legislative Committees of Inquiry
Judicial Writs (e.g., Mandamus, Certiorari)
Ministerial (Executive) Control

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Public Complaints Commission matches the limitation of lacking executive enforcement power; Legislative Committees of Inquiry match being constrained by secrecy and party loyalty; Judicial Writs match requiring formal court proceedings initiated by citizens; Ministerial Control matches the risk of excessive partisan influence.
Each mechanism of bureaucratic control operates under specific institutional limits: the Ombudsman relies on investigation and moral persuasion rather than prosecution; legislative inquiry is limited by executive secrecy and party loyalty; judicial intervention depends on private litigation; and ministerial supervision carries the risk of politicization.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the statutory limits of the Public Complaints Commission (Ombudsman).
Identify that the Ombudsman investigates administrative injustice but lacks coercive power to prosecute or compel action directly, making recommendations its primary tool.
Differentiates administrative Ombudsman powers from judicial enforcement.
2
Examine the political and administrative barriers faced by Legislative Committees.
Recognize that parliamentary oversight is hindered by executive confidentiality policies, party discipline, and civil service rules of anonymity.
Explains why legislative scrutiny is not always fully effective.
3
Evaluate the procedural requirements for Judicial Review of civil service actions.
Determine that courts cannot act proactively; an aggrieved citizen must incur legal costs to file for prerogative writs.
Highlights the reactive and costly nature of judicial intervention.
4
Assess the institutional risk associated with Ministerial Control over civil servants.
Link direct political supervision by ministers to potential patronage and erosion of civil service neutrality.
Distinguishes executive policy oversight from administrative independence.

Key Concept

Institutional Limits of Civil Service Oversight Mechanisms
Question 10382Question

Match each electoral concept related to electoral malpractices and remedies on the left with its correct description or function on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Ballot Box Stuffing
Electoral Violence
Biometric Voter Accreditation
Election Petitions Tribunal

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Ballot Box Stuffing matches illegal insertion of fraudulent votes; Electoral Violence matches use of physical force or intimidation; Biometric Voter Accreditation matches technological preventive measure against impersonation; Election Petitions Tribunal matches special judicial body for adjudicating election disputes.
Each concept correctly aligns with its corresponding category: Ballot Box Stuffing describes illegal vote insertion; Electoral Violence describes physical coercion and voter intimidation; Biometric Accreditation is an electronic safeguard against impersonation; and Election Petitions Tribunals serve as the constitutional judicial remedy for election disputes.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify electoral malpractices and their characteristics
Ballot Box Stuffing corresponds to illegal ballot insertion, and Electoral Violence corresponds to physical disruption and intimidation.
These are direct definitions of common electoral malpractices.
2
Identify preventive measures and judicial remedies
Biometric Voter Accreditation is an institutional technological safeguard, while the Election Petitions Tribunal is the legal body designated to resolve election disputes.
Distinguishing between administrative preventive technology and judicial dispute resolution clarifies their specific roles in protecting electoral integrity.

Key Concept

Classification of Electoral Malpractices, Preventive Safeguards, and Legal Remedies
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10383Question

Which constitutional action enables the executive head in a presidential system to refuse assent and prevent a bill passed by the legislature from becoming law?

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Answer: Exercising a presidential veto

Answer

Exercising a presidential veto
In a presidential democracy, the executive branch exercises checks and balances over the legislative branch through the presidential veto, which allows the president to withhold assent from a bill passed by parliament or congress.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the organ taking the action and the targeted action
The executive head is seeking to check the legislative law-making process by withholding approval from a passed bill.
Under the system of checks and balances, each branch of government possesses specific constitutional mechanisms to prevent non-compliance or overreach by another branch.
2
Distinguish executive legislative checks from judicial and parliamentary checks
The executive withholding assent from a bill is formally known as a presidential veto.
Veto power serves as a primary executive check on legislative supremacy.

Key Concept

Executive checks on the legislative branch via veto power
Question 10384Question

A group of autonomous sovereign entities establishes a joint central organ to handle foreign diplomacy and monetary policy, while strictly reserving all core legislative powers and the explicit right of unilateral withdrawal to the constituent units. Which feature of governance fundamental to a confederal system is demonstrated in this arrangement?

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Answer: Location of ultimate sovereignty in the individual component states rather than the central authority

Answer

Location of ultimate sovereignty in the individual component states rather than the central authority
In a confederal system of government, ultimate legal sovereignty resides in the individual component states. The central government operates essentially as a weak administrative agency created by treaty to perform specific functions of common interest, with states retaining complete autonomy and the right of unilateral secession.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the power dynamics described between the central organ and the constituent states.
The constituent units retain veto rights, core powers, and the unconditional right to secede from the association.
Determining which tier holds ultimate constitutional authority is crucial for classifying the system of government.
2
Differentiate between federal, unitary, and confederal arrangements based on sovereignty distribution.
Sovereignty in a confederation remains with the component units, whereas in a federation it is constitutionally divided or shared.
The defining characteristic of a confederal system is state sovereignty and central weakness.

Key Concept

Sovereignty allocation in a confederal system of government
Question 10385Question

Read the prose excerpt below carefully:

"The old blacksmith, Papa Amadi, sat quietly beside his cold anvil, watching the young men of the village hustle past toward the newly built plastic utensil factory at the edge of town. For fifty years, his hammer had shaped the iron hoes and machetes that tilled the soil of Obodo. Today, no one sought his craft; cheap mass-produced wares filled the market stalls instead. Though his hands were calloused and his body weary, a quiet sorrow weighed heavier on his heart as he realized that an entire heritage of craftsmanship was fading into silence."

Which of the following best expresses the central theme of this passage?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: The erosion of traditional craftsmanship resulting from modern industrialization.

Answer

The erosion of traditional craftsmanship resulting from modern industrialization.
The passage depicts an old blacksmith observing how cheap, mass-produced factory goods replace his traditional ironwork, leading to the decline of an entire heritage of craftsmanship. Therefore, the central theme centers on how modern industrialization erodes traditional craftsmanship.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary subjects and conflict in the text.
The text contrasts an old blacksmith's traditional ironworking trade with the new plastic utensil factory whose mass-produced items replace his craft.
Determining what subjects are being contrasted reveals the central narrative focus.
2
Analyze the emotional trajectory and concluding realization of the narrative.
The character feels sorrow because an entire heritage of craftsmanship is fading into silence due to modern factory production.
The central theme reflects the deeper message or insight conveyed by the narrative resolution.
3
Select the choice that accurately captures this central message without being overly broad or focused on minor details.
The statement regarding the erosion of traditional craftsmanship resulting from modern industrialization is the true central theme.
It encapsulates both the cause (industrialization) and the thematic effect (loss of traditional craft) presented in the excerpt.

Key Concept

Identifying the central theme in an unseen prose passage by synthesizing core narrative conflict and thematic statements.
Question 10386Question

Prior to 1954, Nigeria operated under a quasi-federal system where regional executive authority was subordinate to the central government. Which structural reform introduced by the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution formally granted executive and administrative autonomy to the regions?

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Answer: The establishment of regional executive councils headed by Premiers and independent Regional Public Service Commissions

Answer

The establishment of regional executive councils headed by Premiers and independent Regional Public Service Commissions
The 1954 Lyttelton Constitution formally established true federalism in Nigeria. A central pillar of this new framework was regional executive and administrative autonomy, achieved by establishing regional cabinets led by Premiers and decentralizing the civil service through independent Regional Public Service Commissions.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the constitutional shift from the 1951 Macpherson Constitution to the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution.
Identified that 1951 was quasi-federal with central control over regional executives, while 1954 marked the transition to fully autonomous regional governments.
Understanding the baseline limitation of the pre-1954 arrangement is necessary to evaluate the structural reform.
2
Examine the executive and administrative provisions introduced in 1954.
The 1954 Constitution created the office of Premier for each region, made regional ministers accountable to regional legislatures, and split the civil service into regional public services.
Executive autonomy requires both political leadership (Premiers/Cabinets) and administrative machinery (Regional Public Service Commissions).
3
Evaluate the options against historical developments.
The option specifying regional executive councils headed by Premiers and independent public service commissions correctly reflects this structural transformation.
Distractors attribute reforms belonging to other constitutions (1922 Elective Principle) or misstate judicial/legislative provisions.

Key Concept

Regional Executive Autonomy and Civil Service Regionalization under the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution
Question 10387Question

In pre-colonial Nigeria, centralized states such as the Hausa-Fulani Emirates operated hierarchical administrative structures, whereas segmentary societies like the Igbo functioned without a centralized monarch. Which of the following best contrasts the fundamental basis of political authority and decision-making between these two systems?

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Answer: Centralized systems derived authority from institutionalized hereditary or appointed offices with top-down command, whereas segmentary systems relied on lineage consensus and diffusion of power among age-grades and councils.

Answer

Centralized systems derived authority from institutionalized hereditary or appointed offices with top-down command, whereas segmentary systems relied on lineage consensus and diffusion of power among age-grades and councils.
Centralized pre-colonial systems established defined hierarchical offices (such as Emirs, Obas, and appointed title holders) that exercised top-down authority and executive control. In contrast, segmentary societies operated without a central ruler, distributing political authority across kinship groups, village assemblies (Ama-ala), age-grade associations, and title societies (Ozo) where decisions required participatory consensus.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the structural organization of pre-colonial centralized systems.
Centralized polities (Emirates and Kingdoms) possessed distinct administrative hierarchies, centralized taxation, formal titles, and top-down executive command structures.
Centralized authority requires established offices and institutionalized political leadership.
2
Analyze the decision-making framework of pre-colonial segmentary (acephalous) systems.
Segmentary societies relied on decentralized authority where political power was diffused across extended families, age-grades, secret societies, and village council assemblies.
Non-centralized polities achieved social cohesion and political decisions through participatory consensus building rather than central royal decrees.
3
Synthesize the contrast between the two governance models.
The core distinction lies between top-down institutionalized office authority and dispersed lineage-based consensus governance.
This captures the fundamental institutional difference between centralized and non-centralized pre-colonial Nigerian societies.

Key Concept

Comparative structural differentiation between centralized hierarchical polities and segmentary consensus-based societies in pre-colonial Nigeria.
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 10388Question

Public corporations are statutory bodies created by government to provide essential services and operate commercial enterprises. To prevent administrative abuse and maintain public accountability, distinct arms and agencies of government exercise specific forms of control over these bodies. Match each form of public corporation control on the left with its defining mechanism of administrative or legal oversight on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Parliamentary Oversight
Ministerial Control
Judicial Control
Financial Audit Oversight

Matches

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Answer

Parliamentary Oversight pairs with debating reports, budget requests, and legislative inquiries; Ministerial Control pairs with issuing policy directives, board appointments, and approving capital projects; Judicial Control pairs with adjudicating suits and granting prerogative remedies for ultra vires actions; Financial Audit Oversight pairs with inspecting financial records to verify fiscal compliance.
Each mechanism of control corresponds to a specific institution: Parliament exercises legislative oversight via budget scrutiny and committee inquiries; Ministers exercise executive control through policy guidance and board oversight; Courts exercise judicial control by penalizing ultra vires acts; Auditors exercise fiscal control by inspecting corporate accounts.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the scope of legislative control over statutory public corporations.
Identify that parliament uses statutory reporting, budget appropriations, and committee inquiries to hold corporations accountable.
Parliament holds the power of the purse and legislative oversight.
2
Examine executive and ministerial supervisory functions over public parastatals.
Connect ministerial control with direct administrative policy directives, board appointments, and capital project approvals.
The supervising ministry acts as the direct executive authority over the corporation.
3
Evaluate how the judicial branch limits corporate power.
Match judicial control with court remedies, lawsuits, and the doctrine of ultra vires.
Courts ensure public corporations do not exceed the powers granted in their founding statutes.
4
Identify the specialized mechanism for verifying fiscal discipline.
Link financial audit oversight with external auditing of financial statements and public accounting records.
Auditing ensures public funds allocated to parastatals are spent transparently according to statutory regulations.

Key Concept

Mechanisms of Institutional Control over Public Corporations
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 10389Question

Which foundational document introduced the explicit constitutional right of the African Union to intervene in a member state during grave circumstances such as genocide and war crimes?

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Answer: The Constitutive Act of the African Union

Answer

The Constitutive Act of the African Union
The Constitutive Act of the African Union, adopted in Lomé in 2000, explicitly enshrines the right of the Union to intervene in a member state pursuant to a decision of the Assembly in respect of grave circumstances—specifically war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity (Article 4(h)).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core legal shift between the OAU and the AU.
Recognize that while the OAU prioritized state sovereignty and strict non-interference, the AU adopted a doctrine of 'non-indifference'.
This shift allowed continental security interventions in cases of severe atrocities.
2
Identify the specific legal instrument governing the African Union.
The Constitutive Act of the African Union (adopted in Lomé in 2000) contains Article 4(h) authorizing intervention in cases of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
This principle explicitly distinguishes AU doctrine from the earlier 1963 OAU Charter.

Key Concept

AU Constitutive Act vs. OAU Charter on Intervention Rights
Question 10390Question

Unlike privatization, which transfers government shareholding of public enterprises to private investors, commercialization reorganizes state-owned corporations to operate on a profit-making basis while retaining full government ownership.

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Answer: True

Answer

The statement is true because commercialization reform focuses on managerial autonomy and profit orientation while keeping ownership in state hands, whereas privatization involves transferring state equity to private entities.
The statement accurately reflects the fundamental distinction between commercialization and privatization in public enterprise reform. Commercialization aims to eliminate financial waste and instill profit motivation while keeping the enterprise in public hands, whereas privatization transfers ownership rights and equity to the private sector.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the definition and purpose of commercialization in public corporations.
Commercialization refers to restructuring a public enterprise so it operates efficiently like a commercial business, charging market-reflective rates to cover operating costs, while the government retains ownership.
Understanding the structural nature of commercialization clarifies whether government ownership is lost.
2
Analyze the definition of privatization in contrast to commercialization.
Privatization explicitly involves the sale or transfer of government-owned assets and shares to private investors.
Distinguishing ownership transfer from managerial restructuring isolates the core difference between the two policies.
3
Evaluate the truth value of the stem statement.
Since commercialization retains state ownership and privatization relinquishes state ownership, the comparative statement is accurate.
The statement correctly contrasts ownership retention under commercialization with equity divestment under privatization.

Key Concept

Operational and Ownership Differences Between Commercialization and Privatization
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10391Question

Under Section 29 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, a citizen of full age may formally renounce Nigerian citizenship. Under which of the following circumstances is the President constitutionally empowered to withhold the registration of such a renunciation declaration?

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Answer: When the declaration is made during any war in which Nigeria is physically engaged

Answer

The President may withhold the registration of a declaration of renunciation if the declaration is made during any war in which Nigeria is physically engaged.
Under Section 29(3)(a) of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria, the President is empowered to withhold the registration of a renunciation declaration if it is made during any war in which Nigeria is physically engaged, or if registration is considered contrary to public policy.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the constitutional section governing the renunciation of Nigerian citizenship.
Section 29 of the 1999 Constitution outlines the procedures and conditions for renouncing citizenship.
Renunciation requires a formal declaration by a person of full age and registration by the President.
2
Examine the legal exceptions to mandatory registration under Section 29(3).
The President is granted discretionary authority to withhold registration if the declaration is made during wartime or if it is deemed contrary to public policy.
This provision prevents citizens from abdicating allegiance or national duties during state emergencies such as war.

Key Concept

Renunciation of Nigerian Citizenship and Executive Discretion
Question 10392Question

Which feature of the Macpherson Constitution of 1951 led constitutional scholars to describe the governance structure as quasi-federal rather than a fully federal system?

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Answer: The central legislature retained supreme authority to override regional laws, while regions lacked exclusive constitutional powers

Answer

The central legislature retained supreme authority to override regional laws, while regions lacked exclusive constitutional powers
The Macpherson Constitution of 1951 is classified as quasi-federal because although it introduced regional legislative bodies, the central House of Representatives retained overriding authority to review, alter, or disallow laws passed by the regions. True federalism with coordinate, independent spheres of authority was only established by the Lyttelton Constitution of 1954.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the constitutional structure of the Macpherson Constitution of 1951
Identified that while regional assemblies were created in the North, West, and East, their legislative powers were subject to central control.
Understanding the legislative power balance between the centre and regions determines whether a constitution is unitary, quasi-federal, or fully federal.
2
Distinguish quasi-federal features from full federalism in Nigerian constitutional history
Full federalism requires coordinate and independent powers between central and regional governments (introduced in 1954), whereas the 1951 structure retained central legislative dominance over regional laws.
The central legislature under the Macpherson Constitution could veto or overwrite regional bills, making the system quasi-federal.

Key Concept

Quasi-federal character of the Macpherson Constitution of 1951
Question 10393Question

Match each structural provision of the Richards Constitution of 1946 on the left with its corresponding administrative outcome or political limitation on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Establishment of Regional Houses of Assembly in the North, West, and East
Provision of an unofficial majority in the Central Legislative Council
Retention of full executive powers and veto authority by the Governor
Limitation of the elective principle to Lagos and Calabar

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct pairing links: (1) the establishment of Regional Assemblies to institutionalizing regionalism with advisory roles, (2) the unofficial majority in the central council to providing representation without executive authority, (3) the Governor's executive powers to maintaining centralized colonial control, and (4) limiting the elective principle to excluding most regional Nigerians from direct voting.
Each feature of the Richards Constitution of 1946 directly corresponds to its political outcome: Regional Assemblies formalised regionalism with advisory duties; the unofficial majority gave a sense of representation while executive power remained with the Governor; and the elective principle remained restricted to Lagos and Calabar.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze each constitutional feature of the 1946 Richards Constitution listed on the left.
Identified four distinct features: regional assemblies, unofficial council majority, Governor's veto power, and restricted franchise.
Understanding each feature allows precise alignment with its political and administrative impact.
2
Connect each feature to its historical impact and nationalist criticism.
Regional assemblies fostered regional divisions without legislative independence; the unofficial majority comprised nominated chiefs; the Governor held ultimate authority; direct elections were not extended nationwide.
Evaluating these connections demonstrates mastery of the Richards Constitution's achievements and limitations.

Key Concept

Provisions and constitutional limitations of the Richards Constitution of 1946
Question 10394Question

When recommending a candidate for the position of United Nations Secretary-General to the General Assembly, how does a negative vote cast by one of the five permanent members of the Security Council impact the recommendation process?

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Answer: It acts as an absolute veto, preventing the Security Council from recommending the candidate regardless of the total votes cast.

Answer

A negative vote by a permanent member acts as an absolute veto, preventing the Security Council from making a recommendation to the General Assembly.
According to Article 97 of the United Nations Charter, the Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Because this recommendation is a substantive (non-procedural) decision, it requires nine affirmative votes including the concurring votes of the five permanent members. Therefore, a negative vote by any permanent member acts as a veto and blocks the recommendation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the procedural nature of recommending a Secretary-General candidate under Article 97 of the UN Charter.
The recommendation of the Secretary-General is classified as a substantive (non-procedural) decision.
Substantive decisions require the concurring votes of all five permanent members (P5).
2
Evaluate the effect of a permanent member's negative vote on a substantive motion.
A negative vote by any P5 member exercises veto power and blocks the proposal.
Under Article 27(3), non-procedural decisions fail if any permanent member votes against the motion.

Key Concept

Security Council Veto Power in Secretary-General Selection
Question 10395Question

In the administrative framework governing elections in Nigeria, electoral officials operate within defined legal boundaries across different jurisdictional tiers. Match each electoral official listed on the left with their primary statutory responsibility on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Chief Electoral Commissioner (INEC Chairman)
Resident Electoral Commissioner (REC)
Electoral Officer (EO)
Presiding Officer (PO)

Matches

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Answer

The correct matches pair the Chief Electoral Commissioner with national oversight and presidential result declaration; the Resident Electoral Commissioner with state-level election supervision; the Electoral Officer with Local Government Area administrative coordination; and the Presiding Officer with polling unit operations.
Each electoral official corresponds to a specific tier of administrative authority in the conduct of elections in Nigeria: national leadership belongs to the Chief Electoral Commissioner; state administrative supervision belongs to the Resident Electoral Commissioner; local government coordination belongs to the Electoral Officer; and polling station management belongs to the Presiding Officer.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze national-level electoral leadership responsibilities.
The Chief Electoral Commissioner (INEC Chairman) leads national operations and acts as Chief Returning Officer for the presidential election.
Under Nigerian electoral law, the national chairman of the electoral body holds supreme administrative oversight and announces presidential election results.
2
Analyze state-level electoral executive duties.
The Resident Electoral Commissioner (REC) directs electoral operations within a state.
RECs serve as state administrative heads delegated by the commission to oversee state elections and voter registration.
3
Analyze municipal/LGA-level electoral management.
The Electoral Officer (EO) manages Local Government Area logistics and result collation.
EOs supervise ad-hoc staff and distribute sensitive and non-sensitive materials within their assigned Local Government Area.
4
Analyze polling unit operational duties.
The Presiding Officer (PO) conducts accreditation, voting, and counting at a single polling unit.
POs are frontline polling officials responsible for issuing ballots, counting votes, and filling out primary result sheets.

Key Concept

Hierarchy and Statutory Functions of Electoral Officials in Nigeria
Question 10396Question

Match each poetic extract below with the primary sound device it exemplifies.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Silent shadows slip slowly through the street.
Try to light the fire bright tonight.
The stroke of luck broke the thick lock.
The grandfather clock chimed and ticked in the hall.

Matches

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Answer

The extracts correctly match their respective sound devices: the line with repeating initial consonant sounds matches Alliteration; the line with repeating internal vowel sounds matches Assonance; the line with repeating terminal consonant sounds matches Consonance; and the line containing sound-imitating words matches Onomatopoeia.
Each extract is correctly paired based on its primary phonetic feature: initial consonant sound repetition corresponds to Alliteration, internal vowel sound repetition corresponds to Assonance, terminal consonant sound repetition corresponds to Consonance, and sound-mimicking words correspond to Onomatopoeia.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Examine the line 'Silent shadows slip slowly through the street.'
Identify the repetition of the initial consonant sound /s/ in close succession.
Alliteration is defined by the repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words.
2
Examine the line 'Try to light the fire bright tonight.'
Identify the repetition of the internal long vowel sound /aɪ/ in 'Try', 'light', 'fire', 'bright', and 'tonight'.
Assonance is defined by the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds within nearby words.
3
Examine the line 'The stroke of luck broke the thick lock.'
Identify the repetition of the final consonant sound /k/ in 'stroke', 'luck', 'broke', 'thick', and 'lock'.
Consonance is the repetition of terminal or internal consonant sounds in close proximity.
4
Examine the line 'The grandfather clock chimed and ticked in the hall.'
Identify words ('chimed', 'ticked') that directly evoke auditory sounds.
Onomatopoeia involves using words that imitate the actual sound of the action or object described.

Key Concept

Identification of Poetic Sound Devices
Question 10397Question

In a parliamentary system of government operating under established cabinet conventions, what action is required of a minister who publicly dissents from a decision approved by the cabinet?

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Answer: Resign from the cabinet post to preserve the principle of collective responsibility

Answer

Resign from the cabinet post to preserve the principle of collective responsibility
The correct answer highlights the convention of collective responsibility. In a parliamentary system, the cabinet acts as a single cohesive unit. If a minister disagrees with a policy approved by the collective leadership and chooses to criticize it publicly, they are required to resign from office.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the core constitutional convention governing cabinet behavior in a parliamentary system.
The core convention is collective cabinet responsibility.
Collective responsibility dictates that the executive cabinet must present a united front to the legislature and the public.
2
Determine the required obligation of an individual minister who publicly opposes cabinet consensus.
The dissenting minister must step down from their office.
Ministers cannot publicly criticize policies decided by the cabinet while remaining part of the government.

Key Concept

Collective Responsibility
Estimated Time:45s
Question 10398Question

In a modern constitutional democracy, supreme legal power to enact and repeal statutes is vested in the parliament, whereas the electorate holds the ultimate capacity to determine who forms the government through periodic elections. Which type of sovereignty is exercised by the electorate in this system?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Political sovereignty

Answer

Political sovereignty is exercised by the electorate in a constitutional state.
Political sovereignty is the supreme power of the electorate and public opinion. Although the parliament holds legal sovereignty to enact statutes, it is answerable to the electorate, which holds political sovereignty and determines who forms the legislature.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the distinction between the law-making body and the electorate.
The legislature holds legal sovereignty, while the electorate holds political sovereignty.
Political theorists such as A. V. Dicey distinguished legal sovereignty (the parliamentary authority to make laws) from political sovereignty (the body of voters whose will ultimately prevails).
2
Match the electoral role in the scenario to the defined sovereign categories.
The electorate's supreme political authority through the ballot box represents political sovereignty.
The electorate cannot pass statutes directly, but it elects and holds accountable the legal sovereign.

Key Concept

Sovereignty: Concept, Types, Characteristics, and Limitations
Question 10399Question

Match each local government concept, fiscal mechanism, or reform element on the left with its correct functional or legal description on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Tenement Rates
State Joint Local Government Account
1976 Local Government Reform
Fourth Schedule Exclusive Functions

Matches

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Answer

Tenement Rates pair with internally generated local revenue derived from taxes levied on developed property; State Joint Local Government Account pairs with constitutional mechanism for distributing statutory federal and state allocations to councils; 1976 Local Government Reform pairs with established a uniform multi-purpose single-tier local council structure across Nigeria; Fourth Schedule Exclusive Functions pair with administrative duties including the registration of births, deaths, and licensing of bicycles.
Each item accurately corresponds to its defining historical, constitutional, or financial principle: Tenement Rates are property taxes generated internally by local councils; the State Joint Local Government Account acts as the constitutional intermediary pool for statutory funds; the 1976 Local Government Reform created a uniform single-tier system across Nigeria; and Fourth Schedule Exclusive Functions include direct local services like registering births/deaths and licensing bicycles.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the fiscal nature of Tenement Rates
Recognize that tenement rates are local property levies collected directly by local councils.
Tenement rates form a core component of council internally generated revenue (IGR).
2
Analyze the constitutional role of the State Joint Local Government Account
Relate it to the financial channel through which federal transfers reach local councils.
Section 162 of the 1999 Constitution mandates this joint account for statutory revenue distribution.
3
Determine the structural impact of the 1976 Local Government Reform
Link the reform to nationwide standardization into a single-tier third level of government.
Prior to 1976, local governance systems varied widely across regions; the reform introduced uniformity.
4
Match Fourth Schedule Exclusive Functions to specific local council tasks
Identify micro-administrative tasks like birth/death registration and bicycle licensing as Fourth Schedule duties.
These functions are constitutionally reserved for local government councils to manage local community needs.

Key Concept

Local Government Functions, Finance, and Reforms in Nigeria
Question 10400Question

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was established during the Cold War era primarily to achieve which of the following diplomatic objectives?

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Answer: Maintain national sovereignty and refrain from aligning with opposing military power blocs

Answer

Maintain national sovereignty and refrain from aligning with opposing military power blocs
The Non-Aligned Movement was created during the Cold War so that developing nations could maintain strategic autonomy, mutual non-aggression, and international independence without siding with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact military alliances.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the founding motivation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) during the geopolitical tension of the Cold War.
Developing countries sought an independent path that avoided military or strategic subjugation to either Western or Eastern superpowers.
NAM principles emphasize territorial integrity, peaceful coexistence, and strategic neutrality.

Key Concept

Founding Principles and Objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
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