An educational researcher reviewed data from a large district of elementary school students. The researcher noted that students who regularly participate in after-school chess clubs consistently achieve higher grades in computer science classes. Based on this observation, the researcher concluded that playing chess directly enhances a student's computer science abilities.
Which of the following statements, if true, expose the flaw in the argument by providing a valid alternative explanation for the observed correlation? Select all that apply.
- Students who already possess strong analytical skills necessary for computer science are naturally drawn to joining chess clubs.Answer
- Schools that offer after-school chess clubs are generally located in districts with high funding, which also allows them to provide superior computer science instruction.Answer
- CThe total number of students who participate in chess clubs is relatively small compared to the overall student population in the district.
- DPlaying strategic board games other than chess has also been shown to correlate with higher grades in computer science classes.
- EEducational districts should focus their funding on core academic subjects rather than prioritizing extracurricular activities like chess clubs.
Answer
The correct statements are the ones that suggest students' analytical skills draw them to chess (reverse causation) and that well-funded schools provide both chess clubs and better instruction (third variable).
The correct options directly undermine the researcher's conclusion by demonstrating classic alternative explanations for a correlation. One option demonstrates a 'third variable' scenario where district funding acts as the true cause for both the presence of chess clubs and high grades. The other option demonstrates 'reverse causality', suggesting that students who are already good at computer science are simply more inclined to play chess.
Step-by-Step Solution
Key Concept
Correlation vs. Causation