Question

Difficulty: MediumOverall Text Structure Analysis

For decades, planetary scientists hypothesized that Earth's water was delivered primarily by carbonaceous chondrite meteorites during the planet's late accretion phase, pointing to isotopic similarities between the water on Earth and in these meteorites. Recently, however, researchers analyzing samples from the asteroid Itokawa discovered that solar wind implanting hydrogen ions into surface minerals could represent a significant, previously overlooked source of water. While this new mechanism explains how water could form on dry space rocks, it has not yet supplanted the meteorite delivery model. Instead, scientists are now exploring how both processes may have concurrently contributed to Earth's early oceans.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

  1. A
    It compares two historical methods of data collection, argues that one method is superior to the other, and outlines steps to standardize this superior method.
  2. It describes a prevailing hypothesis, introduces a recent discovery that offers an alternative explanation, clarifies the current status of that discovery, and concludes with a potential integration of both views.Answer
  3. C
    It details a widely accepted scientific theory, highlights a fundamental flaw in its methodology, proposes a replacement theory, and advocates for its immediate adoption.
  4. D
    It presents an unresolved scientific mystery, proposes two mutually exclusive solutions, and demonstrates why neither solution is supported by empirical evidence.

Answer

The correct option describes a structure where the author presents a prevailing hypothesis, introduces a recent discovery that offers an alternative explanation, clarifies the current status of that discovery, and concludes with a potential integration of both views.
The correct answer accurately reflects the sequential rhetorical moves of the text: it starts with a prevailing hypothesis (meteorite water delivery), moves to a new alternative explanation based on recent discovery (solar wind hydrogen ions), points out that this new model has not yet fully replaced the old one, and finishes by noting that researchers are exploring a potential combination of the two processes.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the beginning of the passage to identify the initial point.
The passage starts by describing a long-held hypothesis: that Earth's water was delivered by carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.
This establishes the prevailing scientific consensus or hypothesis.
2
Identify the transition and introduction of new information in the middle of the text.
The word 'however' introduces a new discovery about solar wind implanting hydrogen ions into surface minerals as an alternative source of water.
This shows the introduction of an alternative explanation or mechanism.
3
Examine the qualifying statement that follows the new discovery.
The text states that the new mechanism 'has not yet supplanted the meteorite delivery model.'
This clarifies the current status of the new discovery relative to the old model.
4
Analyze the conclusion of the passage.
The text states that scientists are now exploring how both processes may have concurrently contributed to Earth's early oceans.
This outlines a potential integration or synthesis of the two models.

Key Concept

Overall Text Structure Analysis
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