Question

Read the following passage carefully:

The integration of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) into modern disaster risk reduction frameworks presents both profound opportunities and significant governance challenges for climate-vulnerable developing nations. While conventional engineering paradigms rely heavily on hard, capital-intensive infrastructure—such as concrete seawalls, revetments, and artificial river dikes—these static interventions frequently disrupt fragile coastal and riverine ecosystems, escalate long-term environmental vulnerability, and impose exorbitant maintenance burdens on strained state budgets. Conversely, community-based adaptive strategies rooted in indigenous knowledge systems leverage native vegetation, natural hydrological buffers, and flexible seasonal land-use patterns that have demonstrated long-term socio-ecological resilience across centuries. Nevertheless, contemporary public administration often marginalizes these localized practices, mischaracterizing them as anecdotal or incompatible with the imperatives of rapid urban modernization. The central challenge, therefore, lies not in choosing between empirical technical science and indigenous wisdom, but in establishing hybrid institutional architectures that facilitate the genuine co-production of knowledge. Without formal legal recognition, institutional validation, and equitable participatory mechanisms, the wealth of traditional ecological insight risks being permanently erased by centralized administrative blueprints that prioritize immediate physical construction over holistic, place-based adaptation.

Based on the passage above, which of the following statements correctly capture the author's primary argument regarding disaster risk management? Select all that apply.