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Difficulty: HardGandhian Era and Major Mass Movements

Consider the following statements regarding the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922):

1. The non-cooperation program was initially approved at the special session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta (1920) and subsequently ratified at the regular Nagpur session (1920).
2. The proposal to boycott legislative councils created under the Government of India Act, 1919 was endorsed unanimously without initial resistance from senior leaders like C.R. Das.
3. The formal withdrawal of the movement following the Chauri Chaura violent event was sanctioned by the Congress Working Committee through the Bardoli Resolution in February 1922.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. A
    1 and 2 only
  2. 1 and 3 onlyAnswer
  3. C
    2 and 3 only
  4. D
    1, 2 and 3

Answer

Statements 1 and 3 only are correct.
The correct answer highlights that statements 1 and 3 are factually accurate. The Non-Cooperation resolution was drafted and debated in Calcutta (September 1920) before full endorsement at Nagpur (December 1920). Furthermore, the movement was brought to an end by the Bardoli Resolution in February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident. Statement 2 is false because leaders like C.R. Das actively opposed council boycotts initially.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement 1
Statement 1 is correct. Mahatma Gandhi introduced the Non-Cooperation resolution at the Special Session in Calcutta (September 1920), which was later endorsed with constitutional amendments to INC at the Nagpur Session (December 1920).
Verifies the institutional adoption process of the Non-Cooperation Movement by the Indian National Congress.
2
Analyze Statement 2
Statement 2 is incorrect. C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal initially opposed the boycott of educational institutions and legislative councils under Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) at Calcutta, though C.R. Das moved the main resolution himself at Nagpur after compromise.
Identifies common misconception regarding unanimity of early Gandhian movement strategies.
3
Analyze Statement 3
Statement 3 is correct. Following the violent clash at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur district on February 4, 1922, Mahatma Gandhi halted the campaign, and the Congress Working Committee formally passed the Bardoli Resolution on February 12, 1922, calling off the movement.
Confirms the exact historical mechanism and resolution used to suspend the movement.

Key Concept

Organizational adoption, internal political debates, and termination mechanics of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
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Topics

Gandhian Era and Major Mass Movements

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