Question

Read the passage provided below carefully:

The transition toward a circular bioeconomy, particularly through the energy conversion of agricultural crop residues, is increasingly promoted as a twin solution to rural air pollution and energy insecurity in agrarian economies. By monetizing straw and stubble through biomass power plants and cellulosic ethanol facilities, state interventions aim to eliminate seasonal field burning while creating new decentralized income streams for smallholders. However, institutional analyses reveal that the marketization of agricultural waste often inadvertently intensifies rural inequality. Capital-intensive supply chains require centralized aggregation hubs and specialized logistics, which are predominantly captured by large agrarian intermediaries and rural elites. Consequently, landless laborers and resource-poor farmers—who historically relied on crop residues for animal fodder, domestic cooking fuel, and soil mulching—face diminished access to these common-pool resources without deriving proportional financial gains from the commercialized energy value chain. Furthermore, the systematic removal of crop residues for industrial bioenergy production risks accelerating soil organic carbon depletion, forcing farmers into greater dependence on synthetic fertilizers. Therefore, sustainable bioeconomy policies cannot rely solely on market-driven technological conversion; they must incorporate equitable resource tenure safeguards, soil health maintenance standards, and targeted subsidies to prevent the dispossession of traditional rural user groups.

Based on the passage above, which of the following statements accurately express the central theme and core arguments of the author? Select all that apply.