Question

Difficulty: MediumPediatric Musculoskeletal Disorders

A 77-year-old male child presents to the outpatient clinic accompanied by his mother due to an altered gait that began approximately 88 weeks ago. The mother describes a progressive limp that worsens towards the end of the day. The child occasionally mentions mild aching in his left groin and distal anterior thigh. He has not had any recent infections, and there is no history of preceding trauma. Vital signs show a temperature of 37.1∘C37.1^\circ\text{C} (98.8∘F98.8^\circ\text{F}), pulse of 84/min84/\text{min}, and blood pressure of 102/64 mm Hg102/64\text{ mm Hg}. On physical examination, the patient has a noticeable Trendelenburg gait. Inspection reveals 1 cm1\text{ cm} of muscle atrophy in the left quadriceps compared to the right. When the patient is supine, the left hip exhibits limited abduction and restricted internal rotation. Examination of the left knee reveals no swelling, erythema, or pain with movement. Laboratory analysis demonstrates a leukocyte count of 7,200/mm37,200/\text{mm}^3, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 10 mm/h10\text{ mm/h}, and a C-reactive protein of 2.0 mg/L2.0\text{ mg/L}. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in the evaluation of this patient?

  1. A
    Diagnostic aspiration of the left hip synovial space
  2. Anteroposterior and frog-leg lateral radiographs of the pelvisAnswer
  3. C
    Prescription of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and rest
  4. D
    Percutaneous in situ screw fixation of the proximal femur
  5. E
    Initiation of empiric broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy

Answer

Anteroposterior and frog-leg lateral radiographs of the pelvis
The patient's presentation of a chronic, progressively worsening limp over 8 weeks, accompanied by restricted internal rotation and abduction of the hip, strongly suggests Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head). It most commonly affects boys aged 4 to 10 years. Thigh muscle atrophy is a classic physical examination finding due to prolonged disuse from chronic pain. The essential first step in evaluating a suspected chronic structural hip abnormality in a child is obtaining anteroposterior and frog-leg lateral radiographs of the pelvis. These imaging modalities can reveal the characteristic sclerosis, flattening, or fragmentation of the capital femoral epiphysis.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the patient's demographics and clinical presentation.
A 7-year-old boy presents with an 8-week history of a chronic limp, limited hip abduction and internal rotation, and significant thigh atrophy.
Identifying the patient's age and the chronicity of the symptoms significantly narrows the differential diagnosis for a pediatric limp.
2
Evaluate the laboratory findings and vital signs.
The patient is afebrile with completely normal leukocyte count, ESR, and CRP levels.
Normal inflammatory markers reliably rule out acute infectious or severe inflammatory etiologies like septic arthritis or osteomyelitis.
3
Determine the most likely diagnosis and select the corresponding initial diagnostic step.
The clinical picture strongly suggests Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. The best initial test is bilateral hip radiography.
Plain radiographs are required to visualize the structural integrity of the femoral head and confirm the presence of avascular necrosis.

Key Concept

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is characterized by idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head, typically presenting in boys aged 4-10 with a chronic, insidious limp and normal inflammatory markers. The most appropriate initial diagnostic step is bilateral hip radiography.
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