Question

Difficulty: MediumOrthopedic Surgery

An 8282-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after a mechanical fall at home. She tripped over a rug and landed directly on her right side. She complains of severe right groin pain and is completely unable to bear weight. Her past medical history is significant for osteoporosis, hypertension, and mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Her current medications include amlodipine, alendronate, and an albuterol inhaler.

Vital signs are temperature 37.1∘C37.1^\circ\text{C} (98.8∘F98.8^\circ\text{F}), blood pressure 138/82 mm Hg138/82\text{ mm Hg}, pulse 88/min88/\text{min}, and respiratory rate 16/min16/\text{min}. On physical examination, her right lower extremity is visibly shortened and externally rotated. Palpation over the greater trochanter elicits significant tenderness. Distal pulses are intact, and there are no sensory deficits.

Anteroposterior radiographs of the right hip reveal a completely displaced fracture line extending transversely across the anatomical neck of the right femur, entirely proximal to the intertrochanteric line. There is no evidence of underlying osteolytic lesions.

Which of the following is the most appropriate definitive management for this patient's injury?

  1. Hemiarthroplasty of the right hipAnswer
  2. B
    Open reduction and internal fixation with a sliding hip screw
  3. C
    Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning with cannulated screws
  4. D
    Placement in distal femoral skeletal traction for 4 to 6 weeks
  5. E
    Computed tomography angiography of the right lower extremity

Answer

Hemiarthroplasty of the right hip
The correct management for a displaced, intracapsular femoral neck fracture in an elderly patient is a hemiarthroplasty (or total hip arthroplasty). The femoral head receives its primary blood supply from the medial circumflex femoral artery, which travels in a retrograde fashion along the femoral neck. A completely displaced fracture of the anatomical neck tears these vessels, placing the patient at an extremely high risk for avascular necrosis and nonunion. Because head-preserving surgeries (like percutaneous pinning) have unacceptably high failure rates in this specific demographic and fracture pattern, prosthetic replacement is required to allow for immediate weight-bearing and early mobilization.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the clinical presentation and physical exam.
The patient is an elderly woman with a shortened, externally rotated right leg following a fall, which is the classic presentation for a hip fracture.
Identifying the primary injury is the first step in orthopedic trauma assessment.
2
Interpret the specific radiographic findings.
The fracture is described as completely displaced and extending across the anatomical neck, which classifies it as an intracapsular femoral neck fracture.
Precise anatomical classification (intracapsular vs. extracapsular) dictates the surgical approach because of differences in blood supply to the femoral head.
3
Select the appropriate definitive intervention.
Due to the high risk of avascular necrosis from disruption of the medial circumflex femoral artery in displaced intracapsular fractures, joint replacement (hemiarthroplasty) is indicated over internal fixation.
Head-preserving surgeries have unacceptably high failure rates in this specific demographic and fracture pattern.

Key Concept

Displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures in the elderly carry a high risk of avascular necrosis and are optimally treated with arthroplasty (e.g., hemiarthroplasty) rather than internal fixation.

Alternative Method

While a total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an alternative to hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures, THA is typically reserved for younger, higher-demand patients or those with pre-existing severe osteoarthritis of the acetabulum. For an 82-year-old with lower baseline activity, hemiarthroplasty provides excellent pain relief with a lower dislocation risk and a shorter overall surgical time.
Estimated Time:1m 15s
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