Tüm alıştırma soruları

Experiment 1
Students assembled a continuous-flow photocatalytic reactor system to evaluate the degradation kinetics of an aqueous organic pollutant under ultraviolet ($\text{UV}$) light. The system consists of four primary components: a peristaltic metering pump, a quartz reaction column coated internally with titanium dioxide ($\text{TiO}_2$), a degassing bubbler module supplying compressed air, and an inline UV-Vis flow-through spectrophotometer.

Match each apparatus component used in Experiment 1 to its primary function within the experimental setup.

Passage A

For centuries, the boundary between fine art and scientific cartography was fluid and poorly defined. In the seventeenth century, during the golden age of Dutch mapmaking, cartographers like Willem Blaeu produced maps that were celebrated as much for their aesthetic mastery as for their geographic utility. These maps were designed not only for navigation but also for display in the homes of wealthy merchants and aristocrats, who valued them as symbols of status and intellectual curiosity. Consequently, these works were heavily adorned with elaborate cartouches containing historical narratives, detailed illustrations of mythological figures ruling the oceans, and speculative drawings of sea monsters in unexplored waters. Modern critics, evaluating these historic documents through the contemporary lens of scientific objectivity, have often dismissed these embellishments as mere decorative excess, or worse, as convenient filler to conceal a lack of empirical geographic data. However, this dismissive view overlooks the complex rhetorical and political power of map ornamentation. The decorative elements were rarely arbitrary; instead, they communicated dominant cultural values, asserted national territorial claims, and signaled the exact boundaries of contemporary European knowledge. The depiction of native flora, fauna, and indigenous peoples in the margins served as a visual catalog of imperial ambition, while the allegorical figures of wind and sea validated the perilous journeys of global exploration. By the mid-eighteenth century, the rise of the French school of cartography, led by figures like César-François Cassini, sought to strip the map of these artistic flourishes. They championed geodetic surveying, precise triangulation, and astronomical observations, seeking a pure, mathematical representation of geographical space. Yet, in doing so, they also dismantled a rich visual vocabulary that had previously bridged the gap between empirical measurement and human experience. This transition was not merely a simple linear shift in measurement accuracy, but a fundamental change in how humanity represented its relationship to the known world.

Passage B

The historical narrative of cartography is often framed as a linear march from artistic subjective fantasy to mathematical objective truth. The pivotal moment in this narrative occurs in the eighteenth century, when cartographers began prioritizing triangulation and systematic measurement over hand-drawn illustrations. Mapmakers proudly declared that they were purging their charts of speculative landmasses and decorative cartouches, replacing them with clean grids and precise topographic symbols. This transition is frequently celebrated as the birth of scientific cartography. However, the notion that maps became entirely objective is an illusion. The clean, unadorned aesthetic of the new scientific maps was itself a highly constructed visual rhetoric. By eliminating the artistic embellishments of the Dutch era, French cartographers were not removing subjectivity; rather, they were cultivating a new visual style designed to project authority, objectivity, and state power. Furthermore, the clean line of the grid and the accuracy of the cartographic survey did not represent a neutral depiction of the land. Instead, they served the practical needs of the centralized state, facilitating taxation, military planning, and administrative control. The French crown sponsored these mapping initiatives precisely because a standardized, legible map was a powerful tool of governance. The mathematical grid and the standardized symbol key were just as much human conventions as the sea monster or the allegorical wind god. Both the seventeenth-century Dutch decorative map and the eighteenth-century French scientific map relied on specific visual strategies to convince the viewer of their authority. The difference lay not in the presence of art, but in the style of art employed: one open and illustrative, the other disciplined and geometric.

Based on the passages, match each cartographic claim to the passage or passages that support it.

Based on the passage below, match each of the claims regarding the function of zebra stripes with its corresponding evidence or status of support.

Passage

For decades, biologists hypothesized that the zebra’s bold black-and-white stripes functioned primarily as a cooling mechanism, generating micro-currents of air across the animal's skin. However, recent empirical studies have challenged this thermoregulation claim. Researchers led by Dr. Alison Cobb measured the skin temperatures of wild zebras and found no significant difference in cooling efficiency compared to uniform-colored herbivores in the same environment. Instead, experimental evidence increasingly supports the hypothesis that stripes serve to deter biting flies. In controlled field tests, scientists covered horse models with various patterned rugs. They observed that tabanid flies (horseflies) attempted to land on striped surfaces far less frequently than on solid-colored ones. High-speed video analysis revealed that the flies failed to decelerate properly when approaching stripes, suggesting that the pattern disrupts their visual processing during landing. While some researchers still argue that stripes may also disrupt predator tracking by creating a motion dazzle effect, the physical deterrence of disease-carrying insects stands as the claim with the most robust experimental backing to date.

Read the following passage:

We had been digging in the dry heat of the valley for six weeks, our brushes clearing away centuries of sand from what we hoped was the outer wall of the library. My fingers were raw, and my colleagues' silent frustration was palpable as we found nothing but shattered pottery. I wondered if the critics in London had been correct to call our expedition a fool's errand.

Then, the sand shifted.

Dr. Evelyn Vance knelt by the trench, her breath catching as the corner of a clay tablet emerged. In that moment, she was no longer thinking of the university board or the dwindling grant money. She saw only the faint, wedge-shaped impressions of cuneiform, surviving in the dark for three millennia. Here was the voice of a temple scribe, recording the grain harvests of a forgotten king. 'We have it,' she whispered, her voice trembling. 'Call the surveyor.'

To the local guides watching from the ridge, the sudden flurry of movement below was just another incomprehensible ritual of the foreign scholars. They observed the scientists huddled over the dirt like beetles, oblivious to the gathering storm clouds on the horizon.

Match each quotation from the passage on the left to the narrative point of view or perspective it represents on the right.

Passage

When I assumed directorship of the Oakridge Archive, my primary goal was to rescue our history from the sentimental myths of the town's amateurs. The previous curator, Ms. Gable, had filled our main hall with colonial spinning wheels and quaint letters that, while charming to school children, lacked any real academic rigor. I immediately replaced these trivialities with the trade ledgers of the Oakridge Logging Company, which prove beyond doubt that our town's prominence was built on modern commerce, not folklore. Admittedly, a few local families complained that their ancestors’ contributions were sidelined, but one cannot let regional sentimentality dictate archival standards. Some have pointed to a letter by one of our early mayors claiming the logging company engaged in predatory land acquisitions, but that letter was written after the mayor lost his re-election campaign—clearly, his judgment was clouded by personal animosity. In contrast, the company's own records, meticulously kept by its founders, offer a completely objective account of the transactions. By centering these business records, I have finally provided Oakridge with a historical narrative that is both professional and objective.

Based on the passage, match each statement from the narrator to the specific bias or source of unreliability it demonstrates.

A student group designed four different scientific experiments but realized that each procedure contained a critical confounding variable or source of error that could compromise the validity of the results.

Match each experimental procedure on the left with its primary confounding variable or source of error on the right.

Two students discuss the cause of the Earth's changing seasons.

Student 1
The Earth's distance from the Sun changes throughout the year because of its elliptical orbit. The Earth is closest to the Sun in summer, causing warmer temperatures, and farthest from the Sun in winter, causing colder temperatures. The tilt of the Earth's axis has no effect on these temperature changes.

Student 2
The Earth's distance from the Sun is nearly constant and has a negligible effect on seasons. Instead, the Earth's axial tilt of $23.5^\circ$ is the sole cause of seasons. When a hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, it receives more direct sunlight and experiences summer. When it is tilted away from the Sun, it receives less direct sunlight and experiences winter.

Match each statement regarding the seasons with the student(s) who would agree with it.

### Origin of the Moon

Three scientific models have been proposed to explain the origin of the Moon:

* Fission Model: The Moon was once part of the Earth but was thrown off early in the solar system's history due to the Earth's rapid rotation. Since it split directly from the young Earth's mantle, the Moon's chemical composition (such as oxygen isotope ratios) should be identical to Earth's mantle, and its orbit should lie along Earth's equatorial plane.
* Capture Model: The Moon formed independently elsewhere in the solar system, with its own unique composition, and was later captured by Earth's gravity during a close pass. This model suggests that the Moon's chemical composition should be distinct from Earth's.
* Giant Impact Model: A Mars-sized protoplanet collided with the young Earth. The impact blasted debris from both the protoplanet and Earth's outer mantle into orbit, which then accreted to form the Moon. Because the Moon formed from mantle debris, it should have a very low iron content compared to Earth, which retained its massive iron core.

Match each new scientific finding and the model evaluated to its correct relationship (whether the finding supports, contradicts, or has no effect on that model).

Younger Dryas Cooling Mechanisms

The Younger Dryas was a period of abrupt cooling that occurred approximately $12,900$ years ago. Scientists debate the primary trigger of this event.

*Hypothesis 1 (Impact Hypothesis)*
Proposes that a fragmented comet or asteroid collided with the Earth, detonating over the Laurentide Ice Sheet. This event released large amounts of dust and soot, blocking solar radiation, and melted significant portions of the ice sheet. Supporters point to nanodiamonds and helium-3 isotopes in sediment layers as evidence.

*Hypothesis 2 (Meltwater Discharge Hypothesis)*
Proposes that the gradual warming preceding the Younger Dryas caused a natural breach in an ice dam holding back glacial Lake Agassiz. A sudden, massive influx of freshwater entered the North Atlantic Ocean. Because freshwater is less dense than saltwater, it remained on the surface, halting the convective sinking of seawater and shutting down the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) that transports heat northward.

*Hypothesis 3 (Volcanic Eruption Hypothesis)*
Proposes that a series of major, high-sulfur volcanic eruptions occurred, injecting sulfur dioxide ($\text{SO}_2$) gas into the stratosphere. The gas reacted with water vapor to form highly reflective sulfate aerosols. These aerosols remained in the stratosphere for several years, reflecting solar radiation back into space and initiating a prolonged global cooling period.

Match each scientific mechanism described on the left to the Younger Dryas hypothesis on the right that proposes it as the primary cause of the cooling.

A researcher is reviewing several experimental setups to ensure that all potential confounding variables are properly controlled. Match each experimental procedure to the specific uncontrolled variable or source of error that threatens the validity of its findings.