Tüm alıştırma soruları

The amateur astronomer pointed the telescope toward the northern sky, hoping to catch a glimpse of the passing comet. Through the lens, the comet's glowing tail could be seen clear, even though thin clouds had begun to drift across the horizon.

Which choice best replaces the underlined word?

The following passage is an excerpt from a biography of a nineteenth-century scientist.

In 1847, astronomer Maria Mitchell discovered a new comet, a feat that earned her a gold medal from the King of Denmark. News of the discovery spread rapidly across Europe and America, bringing Mitchell widespread fame. This established her reputation as one of the nation's premier scientists.

Which choice most clearly and precisely identifies what established Mitchell's reputation?

### Origin of Organelle X

Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the evolutionary origin of Organelle X, a compartment found in the cytoplasm of the single-celled eukaryote *Protistum novum*.

*Hypothesis 1*
Organelle X originated through endosymbiosis. An ancestral eukaryotic host cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. Instead of being digested, the bacterium lived symbiotically inside the host, eventually evolving into Organelle X. According to this hypothesis, Organelle X contains its own circular DNA and protein-synthesis machinery similar to that of free-living bacteria.

*Hypothesis 2*
Organelle X originated through membrane invagination. The outer cell membrane of an ancestral eukaryotic cell folded inward and pinched off, creating an internal vesicle that specialized over time into Organelle X. According to this hypothesis, Organelle X does not contain its own DNA; all of its structural and functional proteins are encoded by the cell's nuclear DNA.

Suppose scientists analyze the molecular composition of Organelle X and discover that it contains circular DNA molecules and ribosomes that are sensitive to the same antibiotics that inhibit bacterial translation. Which hypothesis is supported by this new finding?

Read the passage below and fill in the blank with the correct present-tense form of the verb 'reveal' that agrees with its subject.

The passage below is from an essay about early audio preservation.

Early sound recordings captured on wax cylinders in the late nineteenth century offer a fragile window into the past. The physical degradation of these delicate artifacts, which are prone to mold growth and scratches, demands advanced laser scanning technologies to recover the audio without touching the surface. Indeed, the preservation of such rare recordings represent a race against time.

Which of the following is the best revision of the bolded word "represent" in the passage?

A student conducted a series of trials to investigate Fick's first law of diffusion using a synthetic membrane. The rate of diffusion of a solute, $J$ (in milligrams per second, $\text{mg/s}$), is directly proportional to both the surface area of the membrane, $A$ (in square centimeters, $\text{cm}^2$), and the concentration difference of the solute across the membrane, $\Delta C$ (in moles per liter, $\text{mol/L}$), and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane, $x$ (in millimeters, $\text{mm}$).

The parameters for Trial 1 and Trial 2 are shown in the table below:

Based on the table, what was the resulting diffusion rate of the solute in Trial 2, in $\text{mg/s}$?

A student conducted a baseline experiment to measure the rate of heat transfer through a copper rod. The student attached wax beads at $5\text{ cm}$ intervals along the rod, heated one end with a Bunsen burner, and recorded the time taken for each bead to melt. The student now wants to design a follow-up experiment to compare the relative thermal conductivities of copper, aluminum, and iron rods. To ensure a scientifically valid comparison that controls variables and measures the rate of heat transfer accurately, in what order should the student perform the following procedural steps?

Martian Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL)

Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) are dark, narrow streaks that appear on steep, warm Martian slopes during late spring and summer, fade in winter, and reappear the following year. Three scientists discuss the mechanism responsible for these features:

*Scientist 1*
RSL are caused by the seasonal flow of liquid brine (salty water). The Martian regolith contains hygroscopic salts (such as perchlorates) that absorb water vapor from the atmosphere in a process called deliquescence. During the warmer seasons, these salts absorb enough moisture to dissolve into liquid brines, lowering the freezing point of water and allowing liquid to flow downslope, darkening the soil.

*Scientist 2*
RSL are dry granular flows, or mini-avalanches of sand and dust, requiring no liquid water. The streaks appear on slopes that are at or near the angle of repose (the steepest angle at which granular material remains stable). Seasonal heating by sunlight increases the temperature of the dark dust particles, causing expansion and removing thin layers of adsorbed atmospheric gas between grains. This destabilizes the dust, causing it to flow downslope and expose darker subsurface material.

*Scientist 3*
RSL are caused by the discharge of shallow subsurface aquifers. Underneath the Martian surface, thin lenses of water ice exist. During the peak of summer warmth, geothermal heat combined with seasonal solar heating melts these ice lenses. The resulting fresh water breaches the surface, flowing down the slopes and darkening the regolith before rapidly evaporating into the thin Martian atmosphere.

Based on the passage, match each scientist to the primary source or mechanism they hypothesize is responsible for the formation of Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL).

In the sentence below, a portion is underlined.

"During the software development cycle, the quality assurance team noted that the new application was not only consuming excessive memory but also it slowed down the startup sequence."

Which choice best replaces the underlined portion to maintain parallel structure?

Dendrochronologists analyze the growth rings of ancient trees to date wooden structures with remarkable precision. By comparing timber samples from historic buildings to regional master chronologies, researchers can pinpoint the exact year a tree was felled, consequently, this method has revolutionized archaeological timelines in Europe. The technique relies on the assumption that trees in the same geographic area experience similar climate patterns each year, which affect their growth rates in predictable ways.

Which of the following options is the best replacement for the underlined portion of the passage?

In 1856, eighteen-year-old chemist William Henry Perkin accidentally discovered mauveine, the first synthetic aniline dye, while attempting to synthesize quinine to treat malaria. Although his experiment failed to produce quinine. Instead, it yielded a dark, oily residue that colored silk a brilliant purple.

Which choice best corrects the underlined portion to ensure the sentence structure is grammatically complete?

Grand Canyon Formation Models

The Grand Canyon in Arizona is one of the most prominent geological features on Earth. Geologists have debated how and when the canyon was carved. Two models describe the potential mechanism and timeline of its formation.

*Model 1 (Catastrophic Flooding)*
The Grand Canyon was carved rapidly, likely within a few weeks to months, approximately $15,000$ years ago. Near the end of the last glacial period, large prehistoric lakes (Lake Hopi and Lake Bidahochi) were trapped behind natural sediment dams on the Colorado Plateau. As climate warming caused rapid ice melt, these lakes overflowed, breaching the dams. The sudden, catastrophic release of millions of acre-feet of water cut deeply through the soft sedimentary rock layers, creating the canyon in a brief geological event.

*Model 2 (Incremental Erosion)*
The Grand Canyon was carved slowly and steadily over $5$ to $6$ million years by the Colorado River. The process began when the Colorado Plateau underwent gradual tectonic uplift, increasing the river's gradient and flow velocity. Over millions of years, the river's water, carrying abrasive sediments like sand and gravel, acted as a slow saw, cutting downward through the rising plateau. Weathering, landslides, and tributary erosion slowly widened the canyon walls to their current dimensions.

According to Model 1, which of the following events was directly responsible for initiating the carving of the Grand Canyon?

The following passage contains an underlined portion.

In 1911, the archaeologist Hiram Bingham arrived in Peru to search for the lost ruins of the Incas. A local farmer named Melchor Arteaga guided Bingham across the Urubamba River. Although he was unfamiliar with the local terrain, the farmer led the explorer safely to the ruins.

Which of the following choices most clearly and precisely identifies who was unfamiliar with the local terrain?

During the deep-sea research expedition, the chief scientist instructed the marine biologist and I that it's pressure-resistant casing must be checked before deployment.

Which of the following is the correct way to write the underlined portion of the sentence?

Many whale species use complex vocalizations to communicate across vast ocean distances. Humpback whales, in particular, compose intricate songs that can last for several hours, these melodies are shared among members of the same pod. Researchers analyze these vocal patterns to map migration routes and better understand marine social structures.

Which choice best replaces the underlined portion of the passage?

The following sentence compares two types of leafy greens. Complete the sentence by writing the correct comparative form of the adjective 'healthy'. Which word correctly completes the sentence?

In the sentence 'Although the presentation went well, the public relations team was extreme cautious about releasing the sales figures prematurely,' is the underlined word 'extreme' used correctly?

Complete the passage by typing the correct form of the verb in parentheses to maintain tense consistency.

Read the passage below:

Although pocket parks occupy minimal acreage, their ecological and social contributions to dense neighborhoods are significant. The creation of these spaces requires careful coordination between city departments and neighborhood groups, however, local volunteers are usually the ones who manage daily maintenance. These community-led efforts not only lower municipal costs but also foster a strong sense of neighborhood pride. Ultimately, these small green oases demonstrate how urban revitalization can thrive from the ground up.

Which of the following is the best replacement for the underlined portion in the passage?

The following sentence contains a blank. To maintain parallel structure, what form of the verb 'provide' should be written in the blank to complete the sentence?