Tüm alıştırma soruları

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A group of researchers investigated the electrical properties of a newly developed conducting polymer. They performed two experiments to understand how the physical dimensions of a cylindrical polymer wire affect its electrical resistance, $R$ (in ohms, $\Omega$ ).

In Experiment 1, the researchers measured the resistance of polymer wires of various lengths, $L$ (in meters, $\text{m}$ ), while keeping the cross-sectional area constant at $A = 0.5\text{ mm}^2$ . The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Trial	Wire Length $L$ ( $\text{m}$ )	Resistance $R$ ( $\Omega$ )
1	2.0	0.068
2	4.0	0.136
3	6.0	0.204
4	8.0	0.272

In Experiment 2, the researchers measured the resistance of polymer wires of a constant length $L = 5.0\text{ m}$ while varying the cross-sectional area, $A$ (in square millimeters, $\text{mm}^2$ ). The results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Trial	Cross-Sectional Area $A$ ( $\text{mm}^2$ )	Resistance $R$ ( $\Omega$ )
5	0.2	0.425
6	0.4	0.213
7	0.8	0.106
8	1.6	0.053

Based on the results of Experiments 1 and 2, what is the expected electrical resistance of a cylindrical polymer wire with a length of $12.0\text{ m}$ and a cross-sectional area of $0.3\text{ mm}^2$ ?

0.245\ \Omega

0.408\ \Omega

0.680\ \Omega

1.133\ \Omega

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: $0.680\ \Omega$

Cevap

The expected electrical resistance of the polymer wire is

0.680\ \Omega

The correct answer is

0.680\ \Omega

. Experiment 1 shows that resistance

R

is directly proportional to length

L

because the ratio

R/L

is constant (

0.034\ \Omega/\text{m}

A = 0.5\text{ mm}^2

). Experiment 2 shows that resistance

R

is inversely proportional to area

A

because the product

R \times A

is constant (

0.085\ \Omega\cdot\text{mm}^2

L = 5.0\text{ m}

). Combining these gives

R = k \frac{L}{A}

. Solving for the constant gives

k = 0.017\ \Omega\cdot\text{mm}^2/\text{m}

. Applying this to a wire with

L = 12.0\text{ m}

and

A = 0.3\text{ mm}^2

yields

R = 0.017 \times \frac{12.0}{0.3} = 0.680\ \Omega

Adım Adım Çözüm

Determine the relationship between resistance (

R

) and wire length (

L

) from Experiment 1.

In Table 1, as the wire length

L

doubles (e.g., from

2.0\text{ m}

4.0\text{ m}

), the resistance

R

also doubles (from

0.068\ \Omega

0.136\ \Omega

). This indicates that resistance is directly proportional to wire length:

R \propto L

Establishing the relationship between length and resistance is necessary to scale the resistance for the new wire length.

Determine the relationship between resistance (

R

) and cross-sectional area (

A

) from Experiment 2.

In Table 2, as the area

A

doubles (e.g., from

0.2\text{ mm}^2

0.4\text{ mm}^2

), the resistance

R

is halved (from

0.425\ \Omega

0.213\ \Omega

). The product

R \times A

remains constant (

0.425 \times 0.2 \approx 0.085

). This indicates that resistance is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area:

R \propto \frac{1}{A}

Establishing the relationship between area and resistance is necessary to scale the resistance for the new cross-sectional area.

Combine the proportional relationships and find the constant of proportionality.

The combined relationship is

R = k \frac{L}{A}

, where

k

is a constant. Using Trial 1 where

L = 2.0\text{ m}

A = 0.5\text{ mm}^2

, and

R = 0.068\ \Omega

0.068 = k \frac{2.0}{0.5} \implies 0.068 = 4k \implies k = 0.017\ \Omega\cdot\text{mm}^2/\text{m}

Finding the formula and constant allows direct calculation of the resistance for any combination of length and area.

Calculate the resistance for a wire with

L = 12.0\text{ m}

and

A = 0.3\text{ mm}^2

R = 0.017 \times \frac{12.0}{0.3} = 0.017 \times 40 = 0.680\ \Omega

Applying the values to the combined formula yields the final expected resistance.

Anahtar Kavram

Direct and Inverse Proportionality

Alternatif Yöntem

Instead of finding the constant

k

, you can solve this using scaling factors. First, find the resistance for a wire of length

L_2 = 12.0\text{ m}

and the baseline area

A_1 = 0.5\text{ mm}^2

. Since

R

is directly proportional to

L

, scaling the length from

8.0\text{ m}

(Trial 4) to

12.0\text{ m}

scales the resistance by a factor of

\frac{12.0}{8.0} = 1.5

, giving

0.272 \times 1.5 = 0.408\ \Omega

. Next, adjust for the area change from

0.5\text{ mm}^2

0.3\text{ mm}^2

. Since

R

is inversely proportional to

A

, scaling the area by a factor of

\frac{0.3}{0.5} = 0.6

scales the resistance by a factor of

\frac{1}{0.6} = \frac{5}{3}

. This gives

0.408 \times \frac{5}{3} = 0.680\ \Omega

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 4082Soru →

Volcanic lava cools rapidly to form obsidian. This process happens so quickly that crystals cannot form, the material becomes a smooth glass. For centuries, people have used this sharp stone to craft tools and weapons.

Which choice best corrects the underlined portion of the sentence?

NO CHANGE

form, and the material

form; because the material

form. Because the material

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: form, and the material

Cevap

form, and the material

The correct answer correctly joins the two independent clauses using a comma followed by the coordinating conjunction 'and'. This resolves the comma splice present in the original sentence without creating any new errors.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the clause structure of the sentence.

The sentence contains two independent clauses: 'This process happens so quickly that crystals cannot form' and 'the material becomes a smooth glass'.

Determining if the clauses are independent or dependent is necessary to apply the correct punctuation rules.

Analyze the connection between the two independent clauses.

The original sentence separates the two clauses with only a comma, which creates a comma splice.

Independent clauses cannot be joined by a comma alone; they require a semicolon, a period, or a comma and a coordinating conjunction.

Select the option that resolves the comma splice grammatically.

The option adding the coordinating conjunction 'and' after the comma correctly links the two independent clauses.

A comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) is a standard way to join two independent clauses.

Anahtar Kavram

Identifying and correcting comma splices by using coordinating conjunctions.

Tahmini Süre:45s

Soru 4083Soru →

Read the passage and choose the best option to replace the underlined portion.

In 1868, Margaret Knight designed a machine that folded and glued paper to create flat-bottomed paper bags. While working at a paper bag manufactory, she noticed that the hand-folded bags were clumsy, she decided to automate the process.

Which of the following is the most grammatically correct way to write the underlined portion of the sentence?

NO CHANGE

clumsy; because she decided to automate the process.

clumsy, so she decided to automate the process.

clumsy. Although she decided to automate the process.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: clumsy, so she decided to automate the process.

Cevap

clumsy, so she decided to automate the process.

The correct answer is the option that reads 'clumsy, so she decided to automate the process.' This option correctly uses a comma followed by the coordinating conjunction 'so' to connect two independent clauses. This establishes a clear and grammatically correct coordinate relationship that shows a cause-and-effect link between her observation and her decision.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the structure of the two clauses in the underlined portion.

The clause 'she noticed that the hand-folded bags were clumsy' is an independent clause. The clause 'she decided to automate the process' is also an independent clause.

Identifying clause types is necessary to determine how they can be grammatically joined.

Evaluate the grammatical link between the independent clauses.

Joining two independent clauses with only a comma creates a comma splice. We need a coordinating conjunction (like 'so'), a semicolon, or to split them into two sentences.

This determines which conjunction or punctuation is required to avoid a run-on sentence or comma splice.

Check the options for correct punctuation and logical conjunctions.

The option using 'clumsy, so she decided to automate the process' correctly uses a comma and the coordinating conjunction 'so' to join the clauses and show the cause-and-effect relationship.

Selecting the option that uses correct coordination avoids grammatical errors and preserves logical flow.

Anahtar Kavram

Subordination and Coordination

Tahmini Süre:1m 0s

Soru 4084Soru →

The following passage is an excerpt from a historical essay.

During the annual summer festival, the villagers gathered in the central square to watch the traditional dancers. Musicians played lively tunes on acoustic guitars while children chase one another through the crowd. By the end of the evening, everyone felt a deep sense of connection to their shared heritage.

Which choice best maintains a consistent verb tense in the underlined portion?

NO CHANGE

chased

chases

will chase

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: chased

Cevap

The past tense form 'chased' maintains a consistent past tense narrative throughout the passage.

The correct answer 'chased' is in the simple past tense, which matches the other past tense verbs ('gathered', 'played', and 'felt') that establish the timeframe of the narrative.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the timeframe of the passage by looking at other verbs in the surrounding context.

The verbs 'gathered', 'played', and 'felt' are all in the simple past tense, establishing that the events took place in the past.

ACT English passages require consistent verb tenses within paragraphs unless there is a logical reason to shift timeframes.

Evaluate the underlined verb to see if its tense matches the rest of the passage.

The verb 'chase' is in the present tense, which creates an inconsistent and incorrect shift from the established past tense.

Because the children's action occurred at the same time as the other past events, the verb must also be in the past tense.

Select the option that provides the correct past tense form.

The word 'chased' is the past tense form of the verb and fits the sentence grammatically.

Using 'chased' ensures the entire paragraph remains consistently in the past tense.

Anahtar Kavram

Verb tense consistency requires verbs within a narrative or description to remain in the same tense unless a clear change in time occurs.

Tahmini Süre:45s

Soru 4085Soru →

Marie Tharp's detailed maps of the ocean floor revealed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and revolutionized geological science. Her male colleagues initially dismissed her findings as 'girl talk,' she persisted in her work, eventually proving the theory of plate tectonics.

Which option represents the most logical and grammatically correct way to write the underlined portion of the sentence?

NO CHANGE

Although her male colleagues initially dismissed her findings as 'girl talk,' she persisted

Although her male colleagues initially dismissed her findings as 'girl talk'; she persisted

Although her male colleagues initially dismissed her findings as 'girl talk.' She persisted

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Although her male colleagues initially dismissed her findings as 'girl talk,' she persisted

Cevap

Although her male colleagues initially dismissed her findings as 'girl talk,' she persisted

The option that introduces the subordinating conjunction 'Although' at the start of the first clause is correct. By turning the first clause into a dependent clause, it logically and grammatically connects to the independent clause that follows, separated by a comma.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the structure of the two clauses in the underlined portion.

Both 'Her male colleagues initially dismissed her findings as girl talk' and 'she persisted in her work' are independent clauses.

Understanding clause type is necessary to determine the correct punctuation and conjunctions needed.

Identify the grammatical error in the original sentence.

The original sentence contains a comma splice because it joins two independent clauses with only a comma.

A comma alone cannot join two independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction.

Evaluate the choices to find the one that resolves the comma splice using correct subordination.

Adding the subordinating conjunction 'Although' at the beginning of the first clause successfully makes it dependent, allowing it to connect to the main clause with a comma.

This establishes a clear contrast relationship and fixes the run-on structure without creating fragments or punctuation errors.

Anahtar Kavram

Subordination and Coordination

Soru 4086Soru →

In a study of ball dynamics, students dropped a standard tennis ball inflated to a pressure of $12\text{ psi}$ from heights of $1.0\text{ m}$ , $2.0\text{ m}$ , and $3.0\text{ m}$ onto a concrete floor. In each trial, the temperature was maintained at $21^\circ\text{C}$ , and the rebound height was recorded.

Suppose a student wants to conduct a follow-up experiment to determine how the internal air pressure of the tennis ball affects its rebound height. Which of the following procedures would be the most appropriate modification to the original study?

Drop a single tennis ball inflated to

12\text{ psi}

from

2.0\text{ m}

onto concrete, wood, and carpeted floors at

21^\circ\text{C}

Drop tennis balls inflated to

8\text{ psi}

12\text{ psi}

, and

16\text{ psi}

from a constant height of

2.0\text{ m}

onto the concrete floor at

21^\circ\text{C}

Drop a tennis ball, a basketball, and a soccer ball, each inflated to a different pressure, from heights of

1.0\text{ m}

2.0\text{ m}

, and

3.0\text{ m}

onto the concrete floor.

Drop tennis balls inflated to

8\text{ psi}

12\text{ psi}

, and

16\text{ psi}

from

1.0\text{ m}

2.0\text{ m}

, and

3.0\text{ m}

, respectively, onto different flooring surfaces.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Drop tennis balls inflated to $8\text{ psi}$ , $12\text{ psi}$ , and $16\text{ psi}$ from a constant height of $2.0\text{ m}$ onto the concrete floor at $21^\circ\text{C}$ .

Cevap

The correct option is the procedure that drops tennis balls inflated to different pressures (

8\text{ psi}

12\text{ psi}

, and

16\text{ psi}

) from a constant height (

2.0\text{ m}

) onto the concrete floor at a constant temperature (

21^\circ\text{C}

To determine the effect of internal air pressure on the rebound height, the internal air pressure must be the only independent variable that is varied. All other potential variables—such as the drop height, landing surface, ball type, and temperature—must be kept constant. Dropping tennis balls with different pressures from a constant height onto the same concrete floor at the same temperature meets this requirement.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the target independent variable to be tested in the follow-up experiment.

The target independent variable is the internal air pressure of the tennis ball.

The student wants to determine the specific effect of internal air pressure on rebound height.

Determine the necessary control variables that must remain constant.

The drop height, landing surface material, ball type, and ambient temperature must be kept constant across all trials.

If multiple variables are changed, the experimenter cannot attribute the results to any single factor.

Evaluate the choices to find the one that isolates the target independent variable.

Varying only the tennis ball pressure (

8\text{ psi}

12\text{ psi}

, and

16\text{ psi}

) at a fixed height (

2.0\text{ m}

) on concrete at

21^\circ\text{C}

successfully isolates this variable.

This setup holds all other variables constant while systematically changing the pressure.

Anahtar Kavram

Isolating a single independent variable in a follow-up experiment

Tahmini Süre:1m 0s

Soru 4087Soru →

In the early twentieth century, climatologist Milutin Milankovitch proposed that variations in Earth's orbit influence long-term climate patterns. Although his theory was initially met with skepticism, but subsequent research on deep-sea sediment cores confirmed that these orbital cycles correspond to past ice ages.

Which choice best replaces the underlined portion of the sentence?

Although his theory was initially met with skepticism, but subsequent

Although his theory was initially met with skepticism; subsequent

Although his theory was initially met with skepticism, subsequent

His theory was initially met with skepticism, subsequent

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Although his theory was initially met with skepticism, subsequent

Cevap

Although his theory was initially met with skepticism, subsequent

The correct choice properly subordinates the introductory clause. 'Although' is a subordinating conjunction that makes the first clause dependent. A comma is then used to connect this dependent clause to the independent clause that follows, without any redundant coordinating conjunctions.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the relationship between the clauses in the sentence.

The first clause ('Although his theory was initially met with skepticism') is a dependent clause starting with a subordinating conjunction. The second clause ('subsequent research... confirmed...') is an independent clause.

Identifying clause types is necessary to determine the correct punctuation and conjunction structure.

Evaluate the conjunctions and punctuation connecting the clauses.

A dependent clause preceding an independent clause requires a comma to join them. Using both a subordinating conjunction ('Although') and a coordinating conjunction ('but') is redundant and grammatically incorrect.

Eliminating the redundant coordinating conjunction leaves a correctly structured complex sentence.

Anahtar Kavram

Subordination and Coordination

Soru 4088Soru →

The following passage is an excerpt from an essay on archaeological discoveries.

In 1948, archaeologist Henri Lhote uncovered vibrant rock paintings in the Tassili n'Ajjer plateau of Algeria. He immediately shared the detailed sketches of the murals with his colleague, Abbé Breuil. Because he was an expert on prehistoric art, the discovery soon attracted global attention. Ultimately, the documentation of these ancient desert murals revolutionized the study of Saharan history.

Which choice makes the underlined portion of the sentence most clear and precise?

NO CHANGE

Breuil

Breuil, who

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Breuil

Cevap

The correct answer is the option that replaces the ambiguous pronoun with the proper noun 'Breuil'.

Replacing the pronoun with the proper noun 'Breuil' resolves the ambiguity of the original pronoun 'he' by clearly identifying which person was the prehistoric art expert, while maintaining a grammatically complete subordinate clause.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the underlined pronoun and its potential antecedents.

The pronoun 'he' appears in a clause following a sentence that mentions two male individuals: Henri Lhote and Abbé Breuil.

To determine pronoun clarity, we must check if the pronoun has a single, unambiguous antecedent.

Evaluate the clarity of the original phrasing.

The pronoun 'he' is ambiguous because it is unclear whether Lhote or Breuil was the expert.

Standard grammar rules require pronouns to refer clearly and directly to a single antecedent.

Analyze the answer choices to resolve the ambiguity.

Replacing 'he' with the specific proper noun 'Breuil' eliminates the ambiguity, while 'it' is grammatically incorrect for a person and 'Breuil, who' creates a sentence fragment.

The correct option must resolve the ambiguity without introducing new grammatical errors.

Anahtar Kavram

Pronoun Clarity and Reference

Tahmini Süre:1m 0s

Soru 4089Soru →

Researchers study the electrical resistance of four different wire samples as a function of temperature. The resistance $R$ (in ohms, $\Omega$ ) of a metal wire at temperature $T$ (in $^\circ\text{C}$ ) is modeled by the linear relationship:

R(T) = R_0 [1 + \alpha(T - T_0)]

where $R_0$ is the baseline resistance at the reference temperature $T_0 = 20^\circ\text{C}$ , and $\alpha$ is the temperature coefficient of resistance (in $^\circ\text{C}^{-1}$ ).

The baseline resistance and temperature coefficients for the four wire samples are shown in the table below:

Wire Material	Baseline Resistance ( $R_0$ at $20^\circ\text{C}$ )	Temperature Coefficient ( $\alpha$ )
Copper	$10\ \Omega$	$0.0040\ ^\circ\text{C}^{-1}$
Iron	$8\ \Omega$	$0.0060\ ^\circ\text{C}^{-1}$
Tungsten	$12\ \Omega$	$0.0045\ ^\circ\text{C}^{-1}$
Carbon	$15\ \Omega$	$-0.0005\ ^\circ\text{C}^{-1}$

Arrange the wire samples in order of their predicted electrical resistance at $120^\circ\text{C}$ from lowest resistance to highest resistance.

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

The correct order of wire samples from lowest to highest predicted resistance is Iron wire, Copper wire, Carbon wire, and Tungsten wire.

Evaluating the linear resistance model at

120^\circ\text{C}

(

T - T_0 = 100^\circ\text{C}

) yields resistances of

12.8\ \Omega

for Iron,

14.0\ \Omega

for Copper,

14.25\ \Omega

for Carbon, and

17.4\ \Omega

for Tungsten, establishing the sequence from lowest to highest.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Calculate the temperature difference (

T - T_0

) from the reference temperature to the target temperature.

T - T_0 = 120^\circ\text{C} - 20^\circ\text{C} = 100^\circ\text{C}

The model uses the temperature deviation from the baseline reference temperature

T_0 = 20^\circ\text{C}

Apply the model

R(T) = R_0 [1 + \alpha(T - T_0)]

to calculate the resistance of each wire at

120^\circ\text{C}

Iron:

8 \times [1 + 0.0060(100)] = 12.8\ \Omega

; Copper:

10 \times [1 + 0.0040(100)] = 14.0\ \Omega

; Carbon:

15 \times [1 - 0.0005(100)] = 14.25\ \Omega

; Tungsten:

12 \times [1 + 0.0045(100)] = 17.4\ \Omega

Evaluating the mathematical model with the given parameters determines the resistance values for comparison.

Order the wire materials from the smallest calculated resistance value to the largest.

Iron (

12.8\ \Omega

) < Copper (

14.0\ \Omega

) < Carbon (

14.25\ \Omega

) < Tungsten (

17.4\ \Omega

This matches the requested sorting direction from lowest to highest resistance.

Anahtar Kavram

Applying mathematical linear models to predict physical quantities at specific conditions.

Tahmini Süre:1m 30s

Soru 4090Soru →

Leafcutter ants are essential to the health of tropical forest ecosystems. These industrious insects cut pieces of leaves and carry them back to their nest, the leaves are not eaten but instead are used to cultivate a specialized fungus that feeds the colony. This symbiotic relationship helps sustain the entire colony.

Which choice is the best revision of the underlined portion?

NO CHANGE

nest; where the leaves are not eaten but instead

nest. Where the leaves are not eaten but instead

nest, where the leaves are not eaten but instead

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: nest, where the leaves are not eaten but instead

Cevap

nest, where the leaves are not eaten but instead

The correct answer properly resolves the comma splice by converting the second clause into a dependent relative clause starting with the relative adverb 'where'. This grammatically connects the description of the leaves' use to the noun 'nest' that it modifies.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the clause structure around the underlined portion.

The clause before the comma is independent, and the clause after the comma contains a subject and verb that could form a separate independent clause ('the leaves are not eaten...'). Joining them with only a comma creates a comma splice.

Recognizing the grammatical error present in the original sentence is necessary to determine how to correct it.

Evaluate the choices to find a grammatically correct way to join these clauses.

The revision that uses a comma followed by the relative adverb 'where' turns the second clause into a dependent relative clause, which correctly modifies 'nest' and resolves the comma splice.

A dependent clause can be joined to an independent clause with a comma, creating a grammatically correct complex sentence.

Anahtar Kavram

Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices

Soru 4091Soru →

The following passage is an excerpt from an essay about modern architecture.

Although the two architectural firms presented highly innovative concepts for the new civic center, the committee ultimately selected the design from the local firm because it integrated the surrounding landscape more seamless than there competitor's design.

Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion is grammatically correct?

more seamless than there

more seamlessly than their

more seamlessly than there

most seamlessly than their

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: more seamlessly than their

Cevap

The correct answer is the choice that uses the adverb 'seamlessly' to modify the verb 'integrated' and the possessive pronoun 'their' to show ownership of the competitor's design, which is 'more seamlessly than their'.

The correct choice is 'more seamlessly than their' because the adverb 'seamlessly' is required to modify the verb 'integrated'. Furthermore, since the sentence compares two architectural firms, the comparative adverb 'more' is grammatically correct. Finally, the possessive pronoun 'their' correctly indicates ownership of the competitor's design.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the word being modified by the modifier in question.

The modifier describes how the design 'integrated' the landscape. Since 'integrated' is a verb, we must use an adverb ('seamlessly') rather than an adjective ('seamless').

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, while adjectives modify nouns.

Determine the number of items being compared to choose between comparative and superlative forms.

The sentence compares exactly two items ('the design from the local firm' and 'the competitor's design'). Therefore, we must use the comparative form 'more' instead of the superlative form 'most'.

Comparative forms are used for comparing two things, whereas superlative forms are used for three or more.

Determine the correct homophone for the possessive reference to the competitor.

We need the possessive determiner 'their' to modify the noun phrase 'competitor's design' (indicating it belongs to them), rather than the adverb of place 'there'.

'Their' indicates possession, whereas 'there' refers to a place.

Anahtar Kavram

Adjective and Adverb Modifier Distinctions and Logical Comparisons

Tahmini Süre:1m 0s

Soru 4092Soru →

In 1952, geologist Marie Tharp drafted the first comprehensive map of the North Atlantic ocean floor. Working with colleague Bruce Heezen, she analyzed sonar profiles to reveal a massive rift valley running down the center of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. [This] initially met with skepticism from Heezen, who dismissed her early drafts before geological data proved the existence of plate tectonics.

Which choice most clearly and precisely identifies the subject of the sentence?

NO CHANGE

Which

Her discovery

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Her discovery

Cevap

Her discovery

The correct choice, 'Her discovery', resolves the pronoun clarity issue by replacing the vague pronoun with a specific, concrete noun phrase that clearly identifies what met with skepticism.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the underlined pronoun 'This' in context.

The pronoun refers broadly to the preceding sentence's actions (analyzing sonar profiles, revealing a rift valley) rather than a specific noun.

ACT English conventions require pronouns to have clear, specific, and nearby noun antecedents.

Evaluate the choices to find a replacement that resolves the vague reference.

Replacing 'This' with a precise noun phrase like 'Her discovery' makes the sentence clear, whereas other pronouns like 'It' remain ambiguous and 'Which' creates a fragment.

A precise noun phrase is the most effective way to correct a vague pronoun reference.

Anahtar Kavram

Pronoun Clarity and Reference

Soru 4093Soru →

Compiling a dictionary of regional dialects requires lexicographers to immerse themselves in local communities painstakingly, they record oral histories, therefore, to document terms that have never been written down. Through interviews with elderly residents, researchers gather unique expressions that reflect the area's history. Over time, these efforts help preserve linguistic diversity for future generations.

Which choice best corrects the underlined portion to resolve any errors in sentence structure?

NO CHANGE

painstakingly; they record oral histories, therefore,

painstakingly. Because they record oral histories, therefore,

painstakingly; recording oral histories, therefore,

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: painstakingly; they record oral histories, therefore,

Cevap

painstakingly; they record oral histories, therefore,

The correct option properly uses a semicolon to separate two independent clauses and correctly punctuates the parenthetical adverb 'therefore' with a comma.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the two main clauses in the sentence.

Clause 1: 'Compiling a dictionary of regional dialects requires lexicographers to immerse themselves in local communities painstakingly.' Clause 2: 'they record oral histories, therefore, to document terms that have never been written down.'

Determining if the clauses are independent or dependent helps choose the correct punctuation.

Analyze the punctuation separating the two independent clauses.

Both clauses can stand alone as complete sentences, so they cannot be joined by a comma alone (which creates a comma splice) or separated by a semicolon followed by a fragment.

Using a semicolon properly separates two independent clauses while keeping them linked conceptually.

Anahtar Kavram

Avoiding comma splices and sentence fragments by using correct punctuation to separate independent clauses.

Tahmini Süre:1m 0s

Soru 4094Soru →

### Murchison Meteorite Organics

The Murchison meteorite, which fell in Australia in 1969, contains a rich variety of organic compounds, including amino acids. Two scientists discuss the origin of these organic molecules.

Scientist 1
The organic molecules in the Murchison meteorite were synthesized within the meteorite's parent asteroid *after* its accretion. The heat generated by the radioactive decay of short-lived isotopes, specifically aluminum-26 ( $^{26}\text{Al}$ ), melted interior water ice. This liquid water facilitated aqueous alteration, driving chemical reactions that combined simpler precursor molecules (such as aldehydes, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia) into complex amino acids. Therefore, liquid water and active internal heating within the parent body were necessary for the formation of these organic compounds.

Scientist 2
The organic molecules were synthesized in the interstellar medium (ISM) *before* the accretion of the solar nebula and the parent asteroid. These compounds formed on the surfaces of interstellar ice grains through ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of simple ice mixtures (containing carbon monoxide, methane, and ammonia) at temperatures below $30\text{ K}$ . These pre-formed organic molecules were subsequently incorporated into the parent asteroid as it accreted. No liquid water or internal heating within the asteroid was involved in the synthesis of these compounds; in fact, subsequent aqueous alteration would have degraded these fragile organic structures.

Scientist 1 and Scientist 2 disagree on which of the following aspects of the organic compounds found in the Murchison meteorite?

Whether the rate of amino acid synthesis determines the amount of radioactive decay occurring within the parent asteroid.

Whether liquid water was required for the synthesis of the organic compounds.

Whether the organic molecules were synthesized on the surfaces of interstellar ice grains, as proposed by Scientist 1.

Whether ammonia was involved as a precursor molecule in the formation of the organic compounds.

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Whether liquid water was required for the synthesis of the organic compounds.

Cevap

Whether liquid water was required for the synthesis of the organic compounds.

The correct answer is the option regarding whether liquid water was required for synthesis. Scientist 1 argues that liquid water was necessary to facilitate chemical reactions on the parent asteroid, whereas Scientist 2 argues that no liquid water was involved and that liquid water would actually degrade the organic compounds.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze Scientist 1's claim regarding the necessity of liquid water.

Scientist 1 explicitly states that liquid water was necessary to facilitate the chemical reactions that formed the amino acids on the accreted parent asteroid.

To determine how Scientist 1 views the role of liquid water in synthesis.

Analyze Scientist 2's claim regarding the necessity of liquid water.

Scientist 2 states that no liquid water was involved in the low-temperature interstellar synthesis and that subsequent exposure to liquid water would degrade the compounds.

To determine how Scientist 2 views the role of liquid water in synthesis.

Compare the viewpoints of both scientists to identify the point of direct disagreement.

Scientist 1 asserts liquid water was required, while Scientist 2 asserts liquid water was not involved and is destructive, demonstrating a clear disagreement on this point.

To identify the correct option based on the conflicting viewpoints.

Anahtar Kavram

Identifying Points of Disagreement

Soru 4095Soru →

In the late nineteenth century, early acoustic recording devices captured sound by engraving vibrations onto wax cylinders. Since these fragile cylinders deteriorated rapidly after only a few playbacks. Early audio engineers struggled to find a way to preserve the recordings.

Which of the following is the best revision of the underlined portion?

NO CHANGE

These fragile cylinders deteriorated rapidly after only a few playbacks. Early

These fragile cylinders deteriorated rapidly after only a few playbacks; since early

These fragile cylinders deteriorated rapidly after only a few playbacks, early

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: These fragile cylinders deteriorated rapidly after only a few playbacks. Early

Cevap

The revision that replaces the subordinating conjunction to form a complete sentence ending with a period: 'These fragile cylinders deteriorated rapidly after only a few playbacks. Early'

The correct option removes the subordinating conjunction 'since' to convert the first clause into a complete independent sentence ('These fragile cylinders deteriorated rapidly after only a few playbacks'). Punctuating this independent clause with a period correctly separates it from the subsequent independent sentence ('Early audio engineers struggled to find a way to preserve the recordings').

Adım Adım Çözüm

Analyze the grammatical structure of the underlined portion in the context of the passage.

The original text begins with the subordinating conjunction 'Since' and is punctuated with a period, making 'Since these fragile cylinders deteriorated rapidly after only a few playbacks' a dependent clause standing alone as a fragment.

A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought.

Identify the option that corrects the fragment without creating punctuation or structure errors.

Removing 'Since' turns the clause into an independent sentence ('These fragile cylinders deteriorated rapidly after only a few playbacks') that can stand alone before the next complete sentence.

An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought, which can be punctuated with a terminal period.

Check the remaining options for grammatical errors.

The option containing a semicolon followed by 'since' creates a fragment after the semicolon, and the option containing only a comma between two independent clauses creates a comma splice.

Semicolons must separate two independent clauses, and independent clauses cannot be joined by a comma alone without a coordinating conjunction.

Anahtar Kavram

Sentence Fragments

Tahmini Süre:1m 0s

Soru 4096Soru →

Although the project manager assigned the task of drafting the proposal to the lead architect and I, we soon realized that if one wishes to meet its deadline, you must work through the weekend.

Which of the following choices represents the best revision of the underlined portion of the sentence?

I, we soon realized that if one wishes to meet its deadline, you

me, we soon realized that if one wishes to meet its deadline, one

me, we soon realized that if one wishes to meet it's deadline, one

I, we soon realized that if one wishes to meet its deadline, one

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: me, we soon realized that if one wishes to meet its deadline, one

Cevap

The choice that begins with 'me' and maintains 'one' throughout the conditional clause is the correct revision.

The correct choice uses the objective pronoun 'me' as part of the compound object of the preposition 'to' (to the lead architect and me). It also maintains pronoun person consistency by keeping the third-person perspective ('one... one') instead of shifting to the second person ('you').

Adım Adım Çözüm

Determine the correct pronoun case for the compound construction.

The pronoun follows the preposition 'to', making it part of a compound object. Therefore, the objective case pronoun 'me' must be used instead of the subjective 'I'.

Objects of prepositions must be in the objective case.

Evaluate the consistency of pronoun person in the conditional clause.

The clause begins with the third-person singular pronoun 'one' ('if one wishes'). To maintain perspective and avoid an incorrect shift, the subsequent pronoun must also be the third-person 'one' instead of the second-person 'you'.

ACT English rules require maintaining pronoun person consistency within a sentence.

Verify that the possessive modifier is correct.

The possessive pronoun 'its' is correctly used to modify 'deadline'. The contraction 'it's' (meaning 'it is') would be grammatically incorrect.

Possessive pronouns do not take apostrophes, whereas contractions do.

Anahtar Kavram

Pronoun Case and Person Consistency

Soru 4097Soru →

An editor is revising a research proposal guidelines document. In what order should the following segments be arranged to construct a grammatically correct sentence that maintains parallel structure?

Öğeleri doğru sıraya koymak için sürükleyin

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap

To qualify for the advanced research grant, applicants must demonstrate a history of publishing original work, securing external funding, and collaborating with international teams.

The correct order constructs a coherent sentence where the preposition 'of' is followed by three parallel gerund phrases ('publishing original work', 'securing external funding', and 'collaborating with international teams'). This maintains consistent grammatical form throughout the list.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the main introductory clause that establishes the grammatical context.

The clause 'To qualify for the advanced research grant, applicants must demonstrate a history of' must come first because it ends with the preposition 'of', which sets up a list of object noun phrases.

This establishes the structural foundation of the sentence.

Align the parallel items that act as objects of the preposition 'of'.

The objects must all be in the same grammatical form (gerund-participial phrases: 'publishing...', 'securing...', 'collaborating...').

Parallelism requires all items in a list to share the same grammatical structure.

Determine the sequence of the parallel items based on punctuation and conjunctions.

'publishing original work,' has a trailing comma and no conjunction, indicating it is the first item. 'securing external funding, and' ends with the coordinating conjunction, placing it second. 'collaborating with international teams.' has the terminal period, placing it last.

Punctuation and coordinating conjunctions dictate the logical and grammatical flow of a series.

Anahtar Kavram

Parallel Structure

Soru 4098Soru →

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents support complex ecosystems in the complete absence of solar radiation. Scientists propose two models to explain how primary producers (microorganisms) at the base of these food webs obtain energy.

*Model 1*
One group of scientists hypothesizes that primary producers near hydrothermal vents utilize the geothermal radiation (specifically infrared light) emitted by superheated vent fluids as their primary energy source. They believe that these microbes possess specialized pigments capable of capturing low-energy geothermal photons to drive a unique form of geothermal photosynthesis.

*Model 2*
Another group of scientists argues that geothermal radiation is too weak to support the high biomass observed at vents. They hypothesize that primary producers rely entirely on chemical energy. According to this model, the microbes obtain energy by oxidizing dissolved inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide ( $_\text{H}_2\text{S}$ ), and use this energy to convert carbon dioxide ( $_\text{CO}_2$ ) into organic molecules.

Based on the models provided, is the following statement true or false?
"According to Model 2, the primary producers at deep-sea hydrothermal vents utilize specialized pigments to capture geothermal infrared photons as their primary energy source."

Doğru

Yanlış

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: False

Cevap

False

The statement is false because it misattributes the hypothesis of Model 1 to Model 2. Model 1 proposes that primary producers use specialized pigments to capture geothermal infrared photons. In contrast, Model 2 states that geothermal radiation is too weak to support these organisms and hypothesizes that they obtain energy by oxidizing dissolved inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the claim in the statement: the use of specialized pigments to capture geothermal infrared photons by primary producers.

The claim focuses on geothermal radiation (infrared photons) and pigment-based energy capture.

To determine which model supports or proposes this mechanism.

Analyze Model 1 and Model 2 to locate which model proposes this geothermal radiation hypothesis.

Model 1 states that primary producers utilize geothermal radiation and possess specialized pigments to capture infrared photons. Model 2 states that geothermal radiation is too weak and that they rely on chemical energy from oxidizing inorganic compounds.

Comparing the statement's claim with the described models to check alignment.

Determine if the statement correctly attributes the geothermal hypothesis to Model 2.

The statement incorrectly attributes Model 1's hypothesis to Model 2.

Since Model 2 explicitly rejects geothermal energy as the primary source, the statement is false.

Anahtar Kavram

Identifying Hypotheses and Beliefs

Soru 4099Soru →

In the sentence 'The newly designed spaceship performed remarkable well during its initial simulated flight,' the underlined word 'remarkable' is used correctly. Is this statement true or false?

Doğru

Yanlış

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: False

Cevap

False

The statement is false because 'remarkable' is an adjective, but it is functioning as a modifier for the adverb 'well'. In English grammar, a modifier that describes an adverb must also be an adverb. Therefore, 'remarkable' must be changed to 'remarkably' to be grammatically correct.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the word being modified by 'remarkable' in the sentence.

The word 'remarkable' is modifying 'well', which describes the verb 'performed'.

Understanding what word a modifier describes is necessary to determine if it should be an adjective or an adverb.

Determine the part of speech of the modified word 'well' and the correct form of the modifier.

The word 'well' is an adverb. Adverbs modifying other adverbs must themselves be adverbs.

Adjectives modify nouns, whereas adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Evaluate whether 'remarkable' is in its adverb form.

'remarkable' is an adjective. Its adverb form is 'remarkably'. Therefore, the usage is incorrect, and the statement is false.

To conclude whether the statement is true or false based on grammatical rules.

Anahtar Kavram

Adjective and Adverb Usage

Soru 4100Soru →

Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

In the early twentieth century, the chemist Ida Noddack published a paper proposing that the atomic nucleus could split into large fragments, a concept that anticipated the discovery of nuclear fission by several years. However, the physicist Lise Meitner dismissed the hypothesis as chemically impossible. Years later, when Meitner was celebrated for her own work on fission, she admitted that [she] had been correct all along.

Which of the following options best maintains clarity and grammatical correctness in the underlined portion of the passage?

NO CHANGE

this

they

Noddack

Cevabı ve açıklamayı göster

Cevap: Noddack

Cevap

The correct answer replaces the ambiguous pronoun with the specific proper noun 'Noddack' to clarify who was correct all along.

The correct option replaces the ambiguous pronoun with the specific noun 'Noddack'. In the context of the passage, the physicist Lise Meitner dismissed the hypothesis of nuclear fission proposed by the chemist Ida Noddack. Years later, Meitner admitted that Noddack had been correct all along. Using a pronoun here would create ambiguity because both scientists are female, and using a singular feminine pronoun would grammatically suggest that Meitner admitted that she herself had been correct, which is factually and logically incorrect.

Adım Adım Çözüm

Identify the ambiguity in the underlined pronoun.

The pronoun 'she' grammatically refers back to Lise Meitner, the subject of the main clause, suggesting Meitner admitted that she herself had been correct.

This contradicts the context of the passage, which states that Meitner had dismissed the hypothesis and was therefore incorrect, while Noddack had proposed it.

Evaluate the options to find the noun that resolves this ambiguity.

Replacing 'she' with 'Noddack' makes it clear that Meitner admitted Noddack was the scientist who was correct.

ACT English requires replacing ambiguous pronouns with specific nouns when the pronoun could refer to more than one preceding person or leads to a logical contradiction.

Anahtar Kavram

Pronoun Clarity and Reference

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