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Read the following passage from a mid-twentieth-century Mexican literary excerpt:

"My father stood on the veranda, his shadow stretching long across the dry patio where the Tzeltal workers had gathered in silence. They did not raise their voices; they simply stood, holding their straw hats in their hands, their eyes fixed on the wooden planks of the floor. Manuel, who had worked the coffee groves since he was a boy, stepped forward and spoke of the new government inspectors from the capital. He mentioned a law—a word that sounded foreign and heavy in the afternoon heat—that required every ranch with more than a dozen families to build a schoolhouse. My father did not move. He puffed on his cigar, the smoke rising like a thin barrier between him and the men. 'A school?' he murmured, his voice cold. 'So you can learn to read the documents that tell you to take my land?' The men did not answer, but the silence between them was no longer one of obedience; it was the tense quiet of a wind before a storm, a realization that the old order, which had bound our family and their ancestors to this soil, was cracking under the weight of decrees written far away in Mexico City."

Which of the following historical processes in post-revolutionary Mexico is directly reflected in the tension between the landowner and the workers in this passage?

In an editorial reflecting on the aftermath of a severe drought in an agricultural valley, the author notes: 'The loss of the entire season's harvest was a major disgrace for the local farmers, who now face severe financial ruin.' Based on the context of the editorial, what is the meaning of the word 'disgrace'?

Read the email below:

Subject: Proposal Submission: Historical Preservation Project

Dear Project Director,

Thank you for your interest in partnering with the Heritage Preservation Society. We have reviewed your preliminary inquiry for the restoration project. To proceed with a formal review, you are required to submit a detailed budget proposal and a letter of support from a local municipal official by August 15th. Please note that while a structural engineering report is beneficial, it is only optional at this stage. Once we receive your mandatory documents, our evaluation committee will schedule a site visit.

Sincerely,
Heritage Preservation Society Coordinator

Based on the email, what action must the project director take to proceed with the formal review of the restoration project?

Read the following passage from an article about traditional resource management:

In the semi-arid mountains of southern Spain, a quiet revolution is taking place. Local communities, facing prolonged droughts exacerbated by modern climate change, are turning to medieval solutions. Volunteer groups and environmental scientists have partnered to restore hundreds of miles of ancient irrigation canals originally built during the Moorish agricultural expansion. These gravity-fed earth channels, which had been abandoned for decades in favor of modern piped systems, are proving to be surprisingly resilient. By slow-filtering mountain meltwater into the soil, they recharge underground aquifers and sustain local ecosystems during dry summers. While modern intensive agriculture relies heavily on energy-demanding pumps and depletes deep water reserves, this historic gravity-based model works in harmony with natural cycles. Supporters argue that the revival of these networks is not merely an exercise in historical nostalgia, but a practical, cost-effective strategy for climate adaptation. However, challenges remain, as the traditional knowledge required to maintain the soil channels is held by a dwindling generation of elderly farmers, and current agricultural subsidies disproportionately favor large-scale, automated irrigation.

According to the passage, which of the following is the primary reason why local communities and environmentalists are restoring the ancient gravity-fed irrigation canals?

An elite financial consulting firm in Montevideo, Uruguay, is drafting a promotional email to invite local business owners to an exclusive wealth management seminar. The copywriter drafts the invitation using the informal pronoun 'vos' and its corresponding verb conjugations to align with local linguistic preferences. Which of the following best evaluates the cultural and register appropriateness of this choice?

Read the promotional flyer below for the Valparaíso Eco-Art Residency:

### Valparaíso Eco-Art Residency 2026
Dates: November 5–15, 2026
Program Fee: $1,200 (includes shared housing and workshop materials). **Discounts:** A 15**Requirements:** Participants must submit a portfolio of three recent artworks. An additional fee of$ 150 is charged for private room requests, subject to availability.
Cancellation Policy: Cancellations made before October 1, 2026, receive a full refund minus a $100 processing fee. No refunds will be issued after this date.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the program's registration and fees?

A digital user guide for a blood glucose monitoring system contains the following formatting and text:

Blood Glucose Meter Setup
* Step 1: Insert the test strip into the port. *The meter will turn on automatically.*
* Step 2: Apply a small blood drop to the tip of the test strip.
* Step 3: Read the test result on the screen after $5\text{ seconds}$.

> WARNING: If your reading is below $70\text{ mg/dL}$, consume $15\text{ g}$ of fast-acting carbohydrates immediately.

Based on the formatting used in Step 1, what is the functional role of the italicized text?

Read the following translated excerpt from the novella *...y no se lo tragó la tierra* (1971) by the Chicano author Tomás Rivera:

'Why? Why did we have to come here? The heat is suffocating, and the dust from the fields gets into our throats, making it hard to breathe. My father fell ill yesterday, his face pale and sweating under the blazing sun, but the boss said if he doesn't work, we don't get paid. We are trapped in this endless cycle of traveling from state to state, following the crops, living in chicken coops that they call housing. My mother prays every night to the saints, lighting small candles, asking for a miracle, but the sun just keeps burning us. I looked at my younger brother, his small hands already calloused from picking cotton, and felt a deep anger. Why must we suffer like this while others live in cool houses with clean water? Is this what God wants for us? I threw a stone at the ground and cursed the earth, waiting for it to swallow me, but nothing happened. The earth does not care about our pain.'

Based on this excerpt, which of the following best explains how the historical and cultural context of mid-twentieth-century migrant agricultural workers shapes the central conflict?

Read the following literary passage:

Diego stood in the center of the sun-drenched plaza of Villa de Leyva, holding the frayed telegram that had arrived that morning. The white stone buildings around him seemed to shimmer in the midday heat, unchanged since his departure twenty years ago. As he stared at the words announcing his uncle's passing, his mind raced back to the rainy afternoon of his twelfth birthday. On that day, in the shadow of the great cathedral behind him, his uncle had handed him a silver pocket watch, whispering that time was the only true inheritance. Diego shook himself back to the present, pocketed the telegram, and walked toward the cathedral doors, resolved to meet the notary who was waiting inside.

Based on the chronological sequence of events described in the passage, which of the following events occurred first?

Read the following passage:

Belén stood before the heavy wooden doors of the municipal archives. For decades, the townspeople of San Lorenzo had regarded the old building as a repository of useless paper, a dusty mausoleum for names long forgotten. Yet, to Belén, each ledger was a living testament to the community's resilience. When the mayor proposed demolishing the archives to build a modern plaza, the townspeople cheered, eager for progress. Belén, however, felt a profound sense of loss. She did not oppose modernization, but she believed that a town without a past was like a tree without roots. As she turned the key in the rusted lock, she resolved to find the document that would prove the historical significance of the building and change the town's collective mind.

Based on the passage, how does Belén’s perspective on the municipal archives differ from that of the townspeople?

A historical museum in Lima, Peru, is drafting a promotional brochure for a new exhibition on pre-Columbian art, aiming to attract prestigious international academic donors and local art collectors. The draft of the brochure uses an informal register and casual colloquial expressions. Why is this register choice culturally and contextually inappropriate for the brochure?

A Spanish-language installation guide for a residential solar energy system includes the following instruction:

'Para optimizar la eficiencia del sistema fotovoltaico residencial, la guía de instalación indica que es obligatorio acoplar el inversor a los módulos solares. La función principal de este dispositivo es conmutar la corriente continua generada por las células de silicio en corriente alterna compatible con el consumo doméstico.'

Based on the passage, what is the specific technical function of the 'inversor'?

Analyze this passage from Gabriel García Márquez's short story 'Tuesday Siesta' ('La siesta del martes'):

'The train emerged from the gallery of yellow banana plantations. Since it was almost two o'clock, the heat was suffocating. The girl, who was twelve, sat on the seat opposite her mother, her back to the window. The mother sat with her back to the engine. Both of them wore severe, poor mourning clothes. The mother looked out the window at the monotonous landscape. Her face had the copper-colored hue of the people of the coast, but she looked older than her years. Her eyelids were heavy, and she seemed weary, yet she maintained a quiet, unbreakable dignity. When the train began to slow down, she spoke to the girl: "Put on your shoes. Comb your hair." The girl got up and did as she was told. Then the mother added: "If you have to do anything, do it now. Later, even if you are dying of thirst, do not drink water anywhere. Above all, do not cry." The train stopped at a station where there was no one, only the glaring heat on the dusty platform. They got off, carrying a plastic bag with some food and a bouquet of flowers wrapped in newspaper. It was the hour of the siesta, and the town was asleep under the oppressive sun, silent and hostile to their presence.'

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the author's third-person objective narrative perspective in this passage?

Read the following excerpt from a promotional brochure for 'Roots & Shoots,' a community-supported agriculture program:

'Every box of heritage vegetables from our cooperative does more than feed your family; it revives a legacy. By subscribing to our weekly harvest box, you are not merely buying organic produce. You are ensuring that traditional, small-scale farming methods—threatened by industrial expansion—remain viable for future generations. We do not just deliver food; we deliver a partnership with the land and the families who tend it. Join us, and become a guardian of our shared heritage.'

Based on the excerpt, what does the brochure implicitly suggest is the primary reason for consumers to subscribe to the program?

Read the following passage from a journalistic article:

"In recent years, Peru has experienced a quiet financial revolution driven by mobile banking applications. Traditionally, more than half of the country’s population operated entirely outside the formal banking system, relying solely on cash transactions. However, the rapid adoption of digital wallets has allowed millions of previously unbanked citizens, particularly rural farmers and micro-entrepreneurs, to participate in the digital economy. Users can now transfer money, pay for goods, and receive payments instantly using only a mobile phone number, bypassing the need for physical bank branches which are scarce in mountainous regions. While this technological shift has significantly reduced transaction costs and increased financial security, major hurdles remain. The lack of reliable internet coverage in remote Andean provinces and low digital literacy among older generations threaten to widen the economic gap between urban and rural areas. Experts emphasize that for mobile banking to achieve its full potential as a tool for social equity, the government must invest heavily in telecommunications infrastructure and educational programs. Without these supporting measures, digital financial inclusion will remain a privilege of city dwellers, leaving the most vulnerable populations behind."

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

Read the following English translation of the poem 'I Cultivate a White Rose' by the Cuban writer José Martí:

'I cultivate a white rose
In July as in January,
For the sincere friend
Who gives me his hand frankly.

And for the cruel one who tears out
The heart with which I live,
I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns;
I cultivate a white rose.'

Based on the speaker's use of the 'white rose' as a metaphor, which of the following best describes the speaker's attitude toward those who wrong him?

Read the following literary passage:

'Sofia stood before the withered fig tree in the center of the family orchard, its dry branches casting long shadows. Years ago, before her brother departed for the coast and the well dried up, they would spend their summer afternoons beneath its lush canopy, laughing as they ate the sweet fruit. Now, she held a single dried leaf in her palm, a fragile remnant of those vibrant seasons. Tomorrow, the developers would arrive to clear the land, but today she was determined to gather the last seeds of the old tree, carrying them to her new home in the valley.'

Based on the passage, which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of events, from earliest to latest?

Read the following excerpt from the instructions for the International Exchange Volunteer Program:

"To participate in the volunteer program, applicants must submit their online registration form by September 15. A recommendation letter from a recent instructor is required for all new candidates, whereas returning volunteers only need to submit a letter of intent. While possessing intermediate Spanish proficiency is strongly recommended, it is not a prerequisite; however, all participants must complete a mandatory online cultural sensitivity training module at least one week before their departure. Finally, although not required, obtaining international travel insurance is highly advised to cover unexpected emergencies."

Based on the instructions provided, which of the following is a mandatory requirement for a first-time applicant?

In a journalistic article discussing civic engagement, the author writes: 'Due to a lack of clear communication from the government, many citizens ignore the new regulations, leading to confusion.' Based on the context of this passage, which of the following is the correct meaning of the word 'ignore'?

In a financial advice column discussing wealth management, the author writes: 'It convenes for young investors to diversify their portfolios as early as possible to mitigate risk.' Based on the context of this sentence, which of the following is the correct meaning of the word 'convenes'?