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Zorluk: Çok zorIndigenous Responses and Resistance

"I have reason to believe that the [Xhosa] Chiefs, or some of them, are attempting to bring about a general war... by encouraging the people to destroy all their cattle and corn, under the belief that when this is done, a miraculous resurrection of both will take place, and that their ancestors will rise to help them drive the white man into the sea. The immediate effect of this extraordinary delusion has been to reduce thousands of the people to the verge of starvation. I am taking advantage of this state of things to carry out a system of public works, which will at once afford employment to the starving people, and by dispersing them through the Colony, weaken the power of the Chiefs and render future combinations against the Government impossible."

— Sir George Grey, Governor of the Cape Colony, dispatch to the British Colonial Office, 1856

Based on the passage, the resistance movement described is best understood as a manifestation of which of the following historical processes in the nineteenth century?

  1. A
    An attempt by indigenous leaders to implement Social Darwinist principles to strengthen their society against Western technology.
  2. B
    A coordinated effort to transition the local economy to mercantilist trade in order to compete with British industrial output.
  3. A millenarian response seeking to restore ancestral authority in the face of colonial ecological and political disruption.Cevap
  4. D
    A labor strike organized in response to the importation of indentured workers from South Asia under the British imperial system.

Cevap

The correct answer states that the movement is best understood as a millenarian response seeking to restore ancestral authority in the face of colonial ecological and political disruption.
The correct answer is correct because the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement (1856–1857) represents a classic millenarian movement. In response to the introduction of bovine pleuropneumonia (an ecological crisis brought by European contact) and direct military and territorial pressure from the British, the Xhosa followed the prophecies of Nongqawuse. She prophesied that destroying their cattle and crops would cause ancestral spirits to rise, restore the herds, and sweep the British into the sea.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the primary source text to identify the core beliefs of the indigenous resistance movement described.
The text states that the Xhosa are destroying their cattle and crops in the belief that a miraculous resurrection will occur and ancestors will rise to expel the British colonizers.
This establishes that the movement is grounded in spiritual prophecy and the expectation of supernatural intervention to solve a crisis.
2
Connect this spiritual, prophecy-driven resistance to historical concepts from the nineteenth century.
Movements relying on prophetic visions of a future golden age and supernatural deliverance to drive out foreign occupiers are classified as millenarian movements.
This categorizes the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement alongside other millenarian resistance efforts of the era, such as the Ghost Dance in North America.
3
Evaluate the context of British expansion and colonial pressures that triggered the movement.
The Xhosa faced intense British territorial encroachment and the devastation of their herds by bovine pleuropneumonia, which entered the region via global colonial trade networks.
This explains the ecological and political disruption that drove the Xhosa to seek spiritual intervention, linking the response to the consequences of nineteenth-century imperialism.

Anahtar Kavram

The nature of indigenous millenarian resistance movements (specifically the Xhosa Cattle-Killing) in response to nineteenth-century European imperial expansion and ecological crises.
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Indigenous Responses and Resistance

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