Unit 5: Revolutions

Unlike the First Industrial Revolution, which relied primarily on coal and steam to power machinery, the Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by the widespread adoption of which new energy sources?

"We find ourselves overwhelmed with public and private suffering. ... Our merchants are on the brink of ruin; our manufacturers are trembling for their existence; our workmen are starving... We demand that in the future election of members of parliament, the voting shall be taken by secret ballot... and that the franchise [right to vote] shall be extended to every male citizen."

— National Petition of the Chartists, Great Britain, 1838

Which of the following was the primary goal of the reformers who wrote this petition?

Source: French National Assembly, Decree Abolishing the Feudal System, August 1789

"Article I. The National Assembly abolishes the feudal system entirely. It decrees that, among the rights and duties, both feudal and censuel, all those originating in or representing real or personal serfdom shall be abolished without indemnification.
Article XI. All citizens, without distinction of birth, are eligible to all offices and dignities, ecclesiastical, civil, or military, and no professional monopoly shall imply any derogation."

Based on the excerpt, which of the following was a major goal of the French revolutionaries that differed from the primary goals of the American revolutionaries?

During the First Industrial Revolution, the invention and widespread adoption of the steam engine revolutionized manufacturing and transportation. Which of the following resources was the primary fuel source burned to run these steam engines?

Source: Virginia Declaration of Rights, June 1776

"That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety."

The ideas expressed in this excerpt most directly reflect which of the following Enlightenment concepts?

As industrialization expanded globally during the nineteenth century, new technologies emerged in distinct phases. Which of the following innovations was characteristic of the Second Industrial Revolution rather than the First Industrial Revolution?

During the late nineteenth century, the development of new energy sources led to significant changes in transportation. Which of the following technological innovations powered by petroleum emerged during the Second Industrial Revolution to transform transport?

The following passage is from the French *Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen*, approved by the National Assembly of France in 1789:

'1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.
2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.'

Which of the following political theories is most directly expressed in this document?

The following table shows the approximate growth of railway track mileage (in kilometers) in selected countries during the nineteenth century:

Based on the table, the growth of railway infrastructure best illustrates which of the following global processes?

Source: Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Haitian Declaration of Independence, 1804

"Citizens, it is not enough to have expelled from your country the barbarians who have bloodied it for two centuries... We must, by a last act of national authority, forever assure the empire of liberty in the country that gave us birth; we must take from the inhumane government, which has for a long time kept our minds in the most humiliating torpor, all hope of enslaving us again."

Which of the following best explains the primary goal of the author in the excerpt?

“In Berlin, the rapid influx of workers from rural provinces has led to the creation of the *Mietskasernen* (rental barracks). In these massive tenement buildings, several families often share a single room, and sanitation is almost nonexistent. The damp, dark courtyards rarely see sunlight, and diseases like cholera and tuberculosis spread rapidly among the inhabitants.”
— Adapted from a report by the Berlin City Council on public health and housing, 1872

The conditions described in the passage were most directly a consequence of which of the following nineteenth-century developments?

“In the pre-industrial era, the family was a unit of production; parents and children worked together in the fields or in home-based workshops. With the rise of the power loom and the steam engine, however, the family was broken up. Workers were gathered into large factories, and the home became a place of consumption rather than production.”

—Adapted from a historical study of British industrialization

Based on the passage, which of the following was a major social change caused by the rise of the factory system?

"The progress of the railways in the Argentine Republic, constructed mainly with British capital and managed by British boards of directors, has completely transformed the economic landscape. The iron road has connected the fertile pampas directly to the ports of Buenos Aires and Rosario, allowing for the rapid transit of agricultural products to European markets. These transnational enterprises, backed by joint-stock investment in London, not only generate substantial dividends for foreign shareholders but also consolidate the integration of South American production into the global industrial economy."

—Adapted from a British consular report on the economic development of Argentina, 1885

Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century is best illustrated by the developments described in the passage?

"The steam engine, by enabling us to place our machinery in any location where coal and water can be obtained, has freed the manufacturer from the necessity of operating only in rural valleys where water-power is available. Factories can now be built in populous towns, close to raw materials, markets, and labor."

—Adapted from Andrew Ure, Philosophy of Manufactures, 1835

The technological shift described in the passage is most characteristic of which of the following developments?

Subject to the triple yoke of ignorance, tyranny, and vice, the American people [of Spanish America] have been unable to acquire either knowledge, power, or civic virtue. Being entirely excluded from state affairs, we were kept in a state of infancy... Slavery is the daughter of darkness; an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Ambition and intrigue abuse the credulity of men untutored in political, scientific, or historical knowledge. They adopt as pure reality what is pure illusion; they mistake license for liberty, treason for patriotism, vengeance for justice.

— Simón Bolívar, Address to the Congress of Angostura, 1819

Which of the following best describes a key difference between the political goals of the Spanish-American independence movements, as reflected in Bolívar’s address, and the goals of the French Revolution?

Denis Diderot, French philosopher, *Encyclopédie*, 1751

"No man has received from nature the right to command others. Liberty is a gift from heaven, and every individual of the same species has the right to enjoy it as soon as he enjoys the use of reason. If nature has established any authority, it is paternal power; but paternal power has its limits... Any other authority comes from another origin than nature. If we examine it closely, we will always find it goes back to one of these two sources: either the strength and violence of him who has seized it, or the consent of those who have submitted to it by a contract, represented or understood, between them and the one upon whom they have conferred authority."

Which of the following political developments in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was most directly inspired by the ideas expressed in the passage?

In the late nineteenth century, the transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution was marked by the adoption of new power sources and materials. Which of the following innovations was a defining development of the Second Industrial Revolution rather than the First?

Source: Abbé Sieyès, French political writer, *What is the Third Estate?*, political pamphlet, 1789

'What is the Third Estate? Everything.
What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing.
What does it demand? To become something...

The Third Estate embraces then all that belongs to the nation; and all that is not the Third Estate cannot be regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is the whole.'

Which of the following French revolutionary goals is most directly supported by the passage above?

“By establishing factories in local markets, such as our massive works in Kilbowie, Scotland, the Singer Manufacturing Company bypasses costly tariffs and transport fees. Our agents sell machines on the installment plan to households and workshops across Europe, Asia, and South America, directed from our executive offices in New York. This global network of production and sales ensures that the modern sewing machine becomes a household necessity worldwide.”

—Singer Manufacturing Company, corporate circular, circa 1890

Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century does the passage best illustrate?

Source: Adapted from Arthur Young, British writer on agriculture, *A Six Months Tour Through the North of England*, 1771.

"The great husbandry improvements of this district have been the introduction of turnips and clover, and the enclosure of the common fields. By these means, the land now supports twice the number of livestock and yields double the quantity of grain. This increased efficiency has not only boosted food supplies but has also reduced the number of hands needed for field labor, forcing many agricultural workers to migrate in search of employment."

The agricultural changes described in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following preconditions of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?