Examkin

Soru

Zorluk: Çok zorDrawing Valid Inferences

Archaeological analysis of the 4th-century BCE Mediterranean shipwreck *Phaedra* recovered hundreds of ceramic amphorae containing olive oil alongside silver coins minted exclusively in Athens between 340 BCE and 320 BCE. Spectroscopic testing established that all olive oil in the cargo was produced in Southern Italy. Historical documents confirm that during this twenty-year period, Athens levied heavy duties on foreign agricultural products sold within Attic territories, but exempted items transshipped through Athenian ports for export elsewhere. Additionally, Athenian silver coins from this specific era undergo total chemical decomposition when continuously submerged in marine saltwater for more than two centuries.

Based on the passage above, which of the following statements must be valid inferences? Select all that apply.

  1. The silver coins recovered from the shipwreck were not continuously submerged in marine saltwater for more than two centuries prior to their discovery.Cevap
  2. B
    The vessel's cargo was being transshipped through an Athenian port specifically to avoid paying duties on foreign agricultural goods.
  3. The shipwreck contained agricultural goods that were produced outside of Attica.Cevap

Cevap

The valid inferences are the statement regarding the non-continuous saltwater submersion of the silver coins and the statement regarding the presence of agricultural goods produced outside of Attica.
The inference regarding the coin submersion is deductively mandatory because complete decomposition would have occurred had continuous immersion exceeded two centuries. The inference regarding non-Attic agricultural goods is directly substantiated by the fact that the cargo included Southern Italian olive oil.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Analyze the premise regarding the silver coins
The text asserts that Athenian silver coins from 340–320 BCE decompose completely if continuously submerged in marine saltwater for over two centuries. Since intact coins from this era were successfully recovered from the shipwreck, they could not have experienced uninterrupted saltwater immersion lasting longer than two centuries.
Applying the logical contrapositive to explicit conditional rules guarantees a valid deduction.
2
Evaluate the commercial destination and tax avoidance claim
The passage describes Athenian tax laws regarding domestic sales versus transshipments, but never states where the vessel was heading or why it carried that specific cargo.
Assuming a specific intent or destination introduces unstated facts that go beyond strict logical necessity.
3
Examine the origin of the agricultural cargo
The passage defines olive oil as part of the cargo and specifies via spectroscopic testing that 100% of this oil was produced in Southern Italy, which is outside Attica.
Direct fact synthesis confirms that agricultural goods of non-Attic origin were aboard the ship.

Anahtar Kavram

Strict Deductive Inference and Contrapositive Logic
Bu soruyu puanla

Konular

Drawing Valid Inferences

Bu konudan daha fazla soru