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Zorluk: OrtaIntermolecular Forces and Hydrogen Bonding

Match each of the following chemical species or systems with the predominant type of intermolecular force or interaction present between its units in the liquid or solid state.

  • Water (H2O\text{H}_2\text{O})Hydrogen bonding
  • Trichloromethane (CHCl3\text{CHCl}_3)Permanent dipole-dipole interaction
  • Argon (Ar\text{Ar})London dispersion forces
  • Hydrated sodium ion (Na(aq)+\text{Na}^+_{(aq)})Ion-dipole interaction

Cevap

Water matches with Hydrogen bonding; Trichloromethane matches with Permanent dipole-dipole interaction; Argon matches with London dispersion forces; Hydrated sodium ion matches with Ion-dipole interaction.
Water undergoes hydrogen bonding due to the presence of highly polar O-H\text{O-H} bonds. Trichloromethane exhibits permanent dipole-dipole attractions because it is a polar molecule without hydrogen attached to N, O, F\text{N, O, F}. Argon is a nonpolar noble gas that relies solely on temporary induced dipoles (London dispersion forces). The hydrated sodium ion experiences electrostatic ion-dipole interactions between the positive ion and polar water molecules.

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1
Analyze the chemical composition and molecular polarity of each species.
Water (H2O\text{H}_2\text{O}) has O-H\text{O-H} bonds; Trichloromethane (CHCl3\text{CHCl}_3) is a polar molecule lacking N-H\text{N-H}, O-H\text{O-H}, or F-H\text{F-H} bonds; Argon (Ar\text{Ar}) is a nonpolar noble gas; Hydrated sodium ion (Na(aq)+\text{Na}^+_{(aq)}) features an ionic species surrounded by polar solvent molecules.
Determining polarity, presence of electronegative elements bonded to hydrogen, and ionic charge is necessary to classify intermolecular forces.
2
Assign the predominant intermolecular force to each species.
H2O\text{H}_2\text{O} forms hydrogen bonds; CHCl3\text{CHCl}_3 experiences permanent dipole-dipole attractions; Ar\text{Ar} relies on London dispersion forces; Na(aq)+\text{Na}^+_{(aq)} displays ion-dipole attractions.
Hydrogen bonding requires H\text{H} attached directly to F, O, N\text{F, O, N}; dipole-dipole forces operate between permanent dipoles; dispersion forces exist in all species but predominate in nonpolar units; ion-dipole interactions occur between ions and polar molecules.

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Intermolecular Forces and Hydrogen Bonding
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Intermolecular Forces and Hydrogen Bonding

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