Match each obstacle to economic development in developing nations listed on the left with its corresponding structural manifestation on the right.
- Primary Commodity DependenceExposure to terms-of-trade deterioration and export earnings instability
- Technological BackwardnessLow marginal productivity of labor due to outdated production techniques
- Institutional CorruptionMisallocation of public revenue away from infrastructure and essential services
- Low Domestic Savings RateInability to internally finance required capital formation without foreign debt
Cevap
Primary Commodity Dependence pairs with Exposure to terms-of-trade deterioration; Technological Backwardness pairs with Low marginal productivity of labor; Institutional Corruption pairs with Misallocation of public revenue; Low Domestic Savings Rate pairs with Inability to internally finance required capital formation.
Each obstacle directly produces a distinct macro-structural effect: primary exports cause trade instability, technological lags cause low productivity, corruption leads to resource misallocation, and low savings cause capital accumulation shortages.
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Anahtar Kavram
Obstacles to Economic Development in Developing Nations