Read the passage below carefully:
Rapid urbanization across major cities in West Africa has led to an exponential increase in municipal solid waste, creating severe environmental and public health hazards. Traditionally, municipal authorities relied on open dumping and landfilling, methods that pollute local groundwater and emit significant quantities of methane. However, recent urban planning initiatives are shifting toward waste-to-energy technologies as a sustainable alternative. By capturing biogas from decaying organic matter and incinerating non-recyclable refuse to generate electricity, cities can simultaneously mitigate environmental contamination and address chronic power shortages. Despite these benefits, transitioning to energy-from-waste infrastructure requires substantial capital investment and specialized technical expertise, which many local governments currently lack. Consequently, international partnerships and private sector investments are increasingly seen as essential mechanisms to finance modern processing facilities and overcome technical barriers. Ultimately, integrating waste-to-energy solutions into urban governance offers a viable pathway toward resilient, clean, and energy-sufficient West African cities.
In what logical sequence does the author present the central arguments to build the overall summary of the passage?
- 1Rapid urban growth generates massive waste, posing environmental and health hazards.
- 2Conventional waste disposal methods exacerbate groundwater pollution and emissions.
- 3Waste-to-energy systems offer a dual benefit of pollution control and electricity generation.
- 4Overcoming financial and technical barriers requires private and international partnerships.