Urban planner: Establishing a comprehensive toll zone in the city center is a guaranteed method for achieving a substantial drop in the number of commuter vehicles. However, the city council recently voted to permanently reject the mayor's toll zone proposal. Therefore, it is certain that there will be no substantial drop in the number of commuter vehicles this year.
The urban planner's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
- treats a condition that is sufficient to produce a specific outcome as though it were necessary to produce that outcomeCevap
- Bassumes that if a condition is necessary to produce a certain result, then it must also be sufficient to produce that result
- Cconcludes that a causal relationship exists between two phenomena merely because they are frequently observed together
- Drelies on an ambiguous interpretation of the key phrase 'substantial drop' throughout the course of the reasoning
- Eincorrectly infers that because a policy is effective for the city as a whole, it will be equally effective for each individual district
Cevap
The correct answer is the option stating that the argument treats a condition that is sufficient to produce a specific outcome as though it were necessary to produce that outcome.
The planner's argument explicitly establishes that a toll zone is a sufficient condition for reducing traffic ('guaranteed method'). However, it erroneously concludes that the failure to implement the toll zone guarantees traffic will not be reduced. This assumes that the toll zone was the *only* way to reduce traffic, thereby treating a sufficient condition as if it were a necessary condition.
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Necessary vs. Sufficient Condition Flaws (Illegal Negation)