Match each of the following arguments regarding a city transit authority's transition to electric buses (Left) with the newly discovered piece of evidence (Right) that most effectively strengthens its specific conclusion.
- Since the deployment of electric buses on Route 5, daily passenger volume has increased by 15 percent. Commuters must therefore prefer the quieter, smoother ride provided by electric vehicles.Ticket prices, route trajectories, and the frequency of scheduled stops on Route 5 were not altered during the transition period.
- The electric buses have required mechanical servicing far less frequently than the diesel buses they replaced. Thus, electric powertrains are inherently more durable than traditional diesel engines.The diesel buses that were removed from service were only one year old, whereas the electric buses introduced to the route had already been in service in another city for nearly a decade.
- Particulate pollution along Route 5 has dropped significantly since the electric fleet began operations. This proves that the retired diesel buses were the primary source of airborne contaminants in the area.Throughout the period of recorded pollution decline, the volume of private commuter traffic and industrial emissions in the Route 5 corridor remained steady.
- Traffic collisions involving buses on Route 5 have decreased by 30 percent since the transition. Consequently, electric buses must be structurally safer and easier to maneuver in traffic.The new electric fleet was assigned to the exact same cohort of drivers who previously operated the diesel vehicles, and no supplementary safety training was implemented.
Cevap
The passenger volume argument pairs with the ticket prices evidence; the mechanical servicing argument pairs with the bus age evidence; the pollution argument pairs with the constant traffic emissions evidence; the collision argument pairs with the driver cohort evidence.
In causal reasoning, an argument is logically strengthened when a plausible alternative cause for the observed effect is eliminated. Because all four arguments share the same contextual scenario, surface-level keyword matching is ineffective. Instead, each correct match pairs a specific conclusion with a premise that directly neutralizes its most critical confounding variable.
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Anahtar Kavram
Strengthening causal arguments by systematically ruling out alternative explanations and isolating the causal variable.