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Zorluk: OrtaBridging Gap (Supporter) Assumptions

Zoologist: In colonies of the red-crested macaque, individuals that regularly share food with non-kin spend significantly less time engaging in social grooming. Social grooming is the primary behavior through which macaques establish and maintain their position in the colony's hierarchy. Therefore, by regularly sharing food with non-kin, these macaques are actively diminishing their social standing.

Which of the following statements function as a valid supporter assumption required to bridge the logical gap in the zoologist's argument? (Select all that apply)

  1. Any red-crested macaque that spends significantly less time on the primary behavior for maintaining its hierarchical position will experience a decrease in its social standing.Cevap
  2. B
    Macaques that actively diminish their social standing generally spend significantly less time engaging in social grooming.
  3. If a red-crested macaque does not experience a diminishment in its social standing, then it has not significantly reduced the amount of time it spends on social grooming.Cevap
  4. D
    Sharing food with non-kin does not provide social benefits that compensate for a loss of hierarchical standing.
  5. E
    Social grooming is the only behavior that allows red-crested macaques to establish any form of cooperative relationship.

Cevap

The correct statements are the one that directly connects spending less time on hierarchy maintenance to decreased social standing, and its contrapositive which states that a macaque not experiencing diminished standing has not reduced its grooming time.
The zoologist's argument contains a clear gap. The premises establish that food-sharing macaques groom less, and that grooming is the primary way to maintain hierarchy. However, the conclusion abruptly jumps to claiming they are 'actively diminishing their social standing.' To make this conclusion logical, we must assume that failing to engage in the primary hierarchy-maintaining behavior actually results in diminished standing. One correct statement provides this exact conditional link. The other correct statement provides the exact same logical link, just phrased as a contrapositive (if standing is not diminished, grooming was not reduced). Both properly bridge the gap.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the premises of the argument.
Premise 1: Sharing food = Less time grooming. Premise 2: Grooming = Primary behavior to maintain hierarchy.
Understanding the established facts is the first step in structural argument analysis.
2
Identify the main conclusion.
Conclusion: Sharing food = Diminishing social standing.
Isolating the conclusion highlights the final claim the author is trying to prove.
3
Locate the logical gap (new concept in the conclusion).
The concept of 'diminishing social standing' appears in the conclusion but is never directly linked to 'less time grooming' in the premises.
A supporter assumption must explicitly connect the 'rogue' element in the conclusion to the established premise framework.
4
Formulate the required bridge and evaluate the options.
The required bridge is 'Less time grooming -> Diminishing social standing'. Two options provide this relationship: one directly, and one as a logically equivalent contrapositive.
Supporter assumptions can appear in standard conditional form or as their contrapositive; both successfully validate the inference.

Anahtar Kavram

Bridging a logical gap requires identifying a new element in the conclusion and strictly linking it to the premise terminology, either directly or via its contrapositive.
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Bridging Gap (Supporter) Assumptions

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