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Zorluk: OrtaNecessary Assumption

Urban Planner: Commuters who switch from driving personal vehicles to taking public transit experience a significant reduction in daily commute stress only if their transit trip requires no transfers between routes. A municipal transit authority plans to reduce commuter stress by introducing express bus lines that provide direct, transfer-free service between residential suburbs and the city center. Therefore, suburban commuters who switch from driving to these new express bus lines will experience a significant reduction in their daily commute stress.

Which one of the following is an assumption required by the urban planner's argument?

  1. A
    A substantial majority of suburban drivers would prefer riding public transit over driving if transfer-free routes were available.
  2. B
    Driving a personal vehicle is the most stressful method of commuting between suburban residential areas and the city center.
  3. The new express bus lines will not introduce commute-related stressors that counteract the stress reduction gained from avoiding transfers.Cevap
  4. D
    Any public transit route that requires no transfers is guaranteed to produce lower stress for passengers than driving a personal vehicle.
  5. E
    Suburban commuters who currently ride transit routes that require transfers experience higher commute stress than those who drive personal vehicles.

Cevap

The argument depends on the assumption that the new express bus lines will not introduce commute-related stressors that counteract the stress reduction gained from avoiding transfers.
The conclusion claims that suburban car commuters who switch to the new direct express buses will experience a significant reduction in commute stress. The premise only establishes that eliminating transfers is a necessary condition ('only if') for reducing stress when switching from driving. For the conclusion to follow, the author must assume that the new express bus lines will not introduce other countervailing stressors (such as severe delays, extreme noise, or overcrowding) that equal or outweigh the benefit of avoiding transfers. Negating this statement means the stress reduction would be offset, causing the conclusion to fail completely.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the premises and conclusion in the stimulus.
Premise: Switching from driving to transit reduces commute stress only if the trip requires no transfers (a necessary condition). Premise: The transit authority is launching direct, transfer-free express bus routes. Conclusion: Suburban commuters who switch from driving to these express bus lines will experience a significant reduction in commute stress.
Deconstructing the argument reveals the logical relationship between the evidence provided and the claim being made.
2
Locate the logical gap between the necessary condition and the predicted outcome.
The author assumes that satisfying the necessary condition (no transfers) is sufficient to guarantee the reduction in stress, ignoring the possibility that other factors associated with the new buses might negate this benefit.
Necessary assumptions often function as defenders that rule out potential confounding factors that would invalidate the conclusion.
3
Apply the Negation Test to confirm necessity.
Negating the statement yields: 'The new express bus lines will introduce commute-related stressors that counteract the stress reduction gained from avoiding transfers.' If true, switching will not reduce stress, and the argument collapses.
A required assumption must fatally undermine the conclusion when logically negated.

Anahtar Kavram

Necessary Assumption (Defender Assumption and the Negation Test)
Tahmini Süre:1m 15s
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Konular

Necessary Assumption

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