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Zorluk: Çok zorNecessary Assumption

Philosopher: True moral progress requires that a society not merely adopt egalitarian laws, but that its citizens eventually internalize the principles of justice underlying them. Yet, whenever societies have rapidly implemented sweeping egalitarian legal reforms, the citizens' initial compliance with the new laws has been motivated primarily by fear of punitive state sanctions rather than an understanding of justice. Therefore, rapid sweeping legal reform is fundamentally incompatible with true moral progress.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the philosopher's argument depends?

  1. A
    If a society's citizens eventually internalize the principles of justice underlying egalitarian laws, then that society has achieved true moral progress.
  2. B
    No society that uses punitive state sanctions to enforce its laws can ever achieve true moral progress.
  3. Citizens do not subsequently internalize the principles of justice underlying laws with which they initially complied primarily out of a fear of punitive state sanctions.Cevap
  4. D
    Gradual implementation of egalitarian legal reforms is more effective than rapid implementation at fostering an initial understanding of justice among citizens.
  5. E
    Citizens whose compliance with a new law is motivated by fear of punitive state sanctions are incapable of understanding any principles of justice.

Cevap

The correct answer is the option stating that citizens do not subsequently internalize the principles of justice underlying laws with which they initially complied primarily out of a fear of punitive state sanctions.
The philosopher concludes that rapid sweeping legal reform is fundamentally incompatible with true moral progress. The stated premises are that true moral progress requires citizens to eventually internalize the principles of justice, and that rapid reform historically causes citizens to initially comply with laws out of fear rather than understanding. The argument leaps from 'initial compliance based on fear' to a failure to achieve 'eventual internalization' (which is required for moral progress). For the conclusion to hold, it must be assumed that initial compliance out of fear prevents the subsequent internalization of those principles. If we negate this correct option—supposing that citizens DO subsequently internalize the principles despite initially complying out of fear—the conclusion that rapid reform is fundamentally incompatible with moral progress would logically collapse. Therefore, this assumption is strictly necessary.

Adım Adım Çözüm

1
Identify the argument's conclusion.
The conclusion is that rapid sweeping legal reform is fundamentally incompatible with true moral progress.
Locating the conclusion is essential to understanding the logical endpoint the author is trying to prove.
2
Identify the argument's premises.
Premise 1: True moral progress requires eventual internalization of justice principles. Premise 2: Rapid reform results in initial compliance motivated by fear of sanctions, not understanding.
Understanding the premises reveals the evidence the author uses to support the conclusion.
3
Spot the logical gap between the premises and the conclusion.
The premises establish that rapid reform leads to initial fear-based compliance, while the conclusion claims rapid reform precludes eventual internalization (which is required for moral progress). The unstated gap is the leap from 'initial compliance out of fear' to a failure to achieve 'eventual internalization'.
Identifying the gap highlights exactly what the author must be assuming for the argument to hold.
4
Formulate the required assumption and apply the Negation Test.
The author must assume that initial fear-based compliance prevents eventual internalization. Negating this (citizens DO eventually internalize the principles despite initial fear) destroys the conclusion, confirming it is a necessary assumption.
The Negation Test definitively verifies whether an assumption is logically required by the argument.

Anahtar Kavram

Necessary Assumption and the Negation Test
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Necessary Assumption

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