Soru

Read the following passage:

In early twentieth-century American jurisprudence, the "sweat of the brow" doctrine posited that the sheer effort and expense invested in compiling factual information independently justified copyright protection for the resulting compilation. Proponents of the doctrine argued that without such legal monopolies, the arduous labor required to gather scattered data into cohesive, accessible resources would be drastically disincentivized. However, in the landmark decision *Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co.*, the Supreme Court unequivocally repudiated this framework. The Court ruled that copyright protection intrinsically necessitates a modicum of originality—a creative spark in the selection, coordination, or arrangement of the information. Because raw facts themselves do not owe their origin to an act of authorship, they are inherently tethered to the public domain. The Court reasoned that the "sweat of the brow" doctrine fundamentally contravened the constitutional objective of copyright, which is not to reward the industriousness of compilers, but rather to promote the progress of science and the useful arts by encouraging the generation of original intellectual works. Consequently, under *Feist*, a compilation of facts, regardless of the magnitude of financial or physical exertion expended in its creation, remains legally unprotected against copying if it lacks the requisite original selection or arrangement.

According to the passage, which of the following explicitly causes a factual compilation to remain legally unprotected against copying under the *Feist* decision?